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    <title>개발자 블로그</title>
    <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/</link>
    <description></description>
    <language>ko</language>
    <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 10:22:10 +0900</pubDate>
    <generator>TISTORY</generator>
    <ttl>100</ttl>
    <managingEditor>인디고2</managingEditor>
    <item>
      <title>Columnar Storage</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/33</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;출처 :&amp;nbsp;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/columnar-storage/&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;postContent&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;entry-title&quot;&gt;Columnar Storage&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry-content&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;You’re going to hear a lot about columnar storage formats in the next few months, as a variety of distributed execution engines are beginning to consider them for their IO efficiency, and the optimisations that they open up for query execution. In this post, I’ll explain why we care so much about IO efficiency and show how columnar storage – which is a simple idea – can drastically improve performance for certain workloads.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Caveat: This is a personal, general research summary post, and as usual doesn’t neccessarily reflect our thinking at Cloudera about columnar storage.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Disks are still the major bottleneck in query execution over large datasets. Even a machine with twelve disks running in parallel (for an aggregate bandwidth of north of 1GB/s) can’t keep all the cores busy; running a query against memory-cached data can get tens of GB/s of throughput. IO bandwidth matters. Therefore, the best thing an engineer can do to improve the performance of disk-based query engines (like RDBMs and Impala) usually is to improve the performance of reading bytes from disk. This can mean decreasing the latency (for small queries where the time to find the data to read might dominate), but most usually this means improving the effective throughput of reads from disk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The traditional way to improve disk bandwidth has been to wait, and allow disks to get faster. However, disks are not getting faster very quickly (having settled at roughly 100 MB/s, with ~12 disks per server), and SSDs can’t yet achieve the storage density to be directly competitive with HDDs on a per-server basis. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The other way to improve disk performance is to maximise the ratio of ‘useful’ bytes read to total bytes read. The idea is not to read more data than is absolutely necessary to serve a query, so the useful bandwidth realised is increased without actually improving the performance of the IO subsystem. Enter &lt;em&gt;columnar storage&lt;/em&gt;, a principle for file format design that aims to do exactly that for query engines that deal with record-based data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;more-452&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Columns vs. Rows&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Traditional database file format store data in rows, where each row is comprised of a contiguous collection of column values. On disk, that looks roughly like the following:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/row-major-formats.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;588&quot; height=&quot;267&quot; class=&quot;aligncenter size-full wp-image-482&quot; alt=&quot;Row-major On-disk Layout&quot; src=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/row-major-formats.png&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px&quot; srcset=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/row-major-formats-300x136.png 300w, http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/row-major-formats.png 588w&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;em&gt;row-major&lt;/em&gt; layout usually has a header for each row that describes, for example, which columns in the row are NULL. Each column value is then stored contiguously after the header, followed by another row with its own header, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both HDDs and SSDs are at their most efficient when reading data sequentially from disk (for HDDs the benefits are particularly pronounced). In fact, even a read of a few bytes usually brings in an entire block of 4096 bytes from disk, because it is effectively the same cost to read (and the operating system usually deals with data in 4k page-sized chunks). For row-major formats it’s therefore most efficient to read entire rows at a time. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Queries that do full table-scans – i.e. those that don’t take advantage of any kind of indexing and need to visit every row – are common in analytical workloads; with row-major formats a full scan of a table will read every single byte of the table from disk. For certain queries, this is appropriate. Trivially, &lt;tt&gt;SELECT * FROM table&lt;/tt&gt; requires returning every single column of every single row in the table, and so the IO costs for executing that query on a row-major format are a single-seek and a single large contiguous read (although that is likely to be broken up for pipelining purposes). The read is unavoidable, as is the single seek; therefore row-major formats allow for optimal IO usage. More generally, &lt;tt&gt;SELECT &amp;lt;col_set&amp;gt; FROM table WHERE &amp;lt;predicate_set&amp;gt;&lt;/tt&gt; will be relatively efficient for row-major formats if either a) evaluating the &lt;tt&gt;predicate_set&lt;/tt&gt; requires reading a large subset of the set of columns or b) &lt;tt&gt;col_set&lt;/tt&gt; is a large subset of the set of columns (i.e. the &lt;em&gt;projectivity&lt;/em&gt; is high) and the set of rows returned by the evaluation of the predicates over the table is a large proportion of the total set of rows (i.e. the &lt;em&gt;selectivity&lt;/em&gt; is high). More simply, a query is going to be efficient if it requires reading most of the columns of most of the rows. In these cases, row-major formats allow the query execution engine to achieve good IO efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a general consensus that these &lt;tt&gt;SELECT *&lt;/tt&gt; kinds of queries are not  representative of typical analytical workloads; instead either a large number of columns are not projected, or they are projected only for a small subset of rows where only a few columns are required to decide which rows to return. Coupled with a general trend towards very wide tables with high column counts, the total number of bytes that are required to satisfy a query are often a relatively small fraction of the size on disk of the target table. In these cases, row-major formats often are quite wasteful in the amount of IO they require to execute a query.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instead of a format that makes it efficient to read entire rows, it’s advantageous for analytical workloads to make it efficient to read entire &lt;em&gt;columns&lt;/em&gt; at once. Based on our understanding of what makes disks efficient, we can see that the obvious approach is to store columns values densely and contiguously on disk. This is the basic idea behind columnar file formats. The following diagram shows what this looks like on disk:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/column-major-formats.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;588&quot; height=&quot;474&quot; class=&quot;aligncenter size-full wp-image-481&quot; alt=&quot;Column-Major On-disk Layout&quot; src=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/column-major-formats.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A row is split across several column blocks, which may even be separate files on disk. Reading an entire column now requires a single seek plus a large contiguous read, but the read length is much less than for extracting a single column from a row-major format. In this figure we have organised the columns so that they are all ordered in the same way; later we’ll see how we can relax that restriction and use different orderings to make different queries more efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Query Execution&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The diagram below shows what a simple query plan for &lt;tt&gt;SELECT col_b FROM table WHERE col_a &amp;gt; 5&lt;/tt&gt; might look like for a query engine reading from a traditional row-major file format. A scan node reads every row in turn from disk, and streams the rows to a predicate evaluation node, which looks at the value of &lt;tt&gt;col_a&lt;/tt&gt; in each row. Those rows that pass the predicate are sent to a projection node which constructs result tuples containing &lt;tt&gt;col_b&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/row-query-plan.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;549&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; class=&quot;aligncenter size-full wp-image-487&quot; alt=&quot;Row Query Plan&quot; src=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/row-query-plan.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compare that to the query plan below, for a query engine reading from columnar storage. Each column referenced in the query is read independently. The predicate is evaluated over &lt;tt&gt;col_a&lt;/tt&gt; to produce a list of matching row IDs. &lt;tt&gt;col_b&lt;/tt&gt; is then scanned with respect to that list of IDs, and each matching value is returned as a query result. This query plan performs two IO seeks (to find the beginning of both column files), instead of one, and issues two consecutive reads rather than one large read. The pattern of using IDs for each column value is very common to make reconstructing rows easier; usually columns are all sorted on the same key so the Nth value of &lt;tt&gt;col_a&lt;/tt&gt; belongs to the same row as the Nth value of &lt;tt&gt;col_b&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/columnar-query-plan.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;497&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; class=&quot;aligncenter size-full wp-image-478&quot; alt=&quot;Columnar Query Plan&quot; src=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/columnar-query-plan.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The extra IO cost for the row-format query is therefore the time it takes to read all those extra columns. Let’s assume the table is 10 columns wide, ten million rows long and each value is 4 bytes, which are all conservative estimates. Then there is an extra 8 * 1M * 4 bytes, or 32MB of extra data read, which is ~3.20s on a query that would likely otherwise take 800ms; an overhead of 300%. When disks are less performant, or column widths wider, the effect becomes exaggerated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This, then, is the basic idea of columnar storage: we recognise that analytical workloads rarely require full scans of all table data, but do often require full scans of a small subset of the columns, and so we arrange to make column scans cheap at the expense of extra cost reading individual rows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;The Cost of Columnar&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a free lunch? Should every analytical database go out and change every file format to be column-major? Obviously the story is more complicated than that. There are some query archetypes that suffer when data is stored in a columnar format.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The obvious drawback is that it is expensive to reassemble a row, since the separate values that comprise it are spread far across the disk. Every column included in a projection implies an extra disk seek, and this can add up when the projectivity of a query is high. Therefore, for highly projective queries, row-major formats can be more efficient (and therefore columnar formats are not strictly better than row-major storage even from a pure IO perspective).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are more subtle repurcussions of each row being scattered across the disk. When a row-major format is read into memory, and ultimately into CPU cache, it is in a format that permits cheap reference to multiple columns at a time. Row-major formats have good in-memory spatial locality, and there are common operations that benefit enormously from this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For example, a query that selects the sum of two columns can sometimes be executed (once the data is in memory) faster on row-major formats, since the columns are almost always in the same cache line for each row. Columnar representations are less well suited; each column must be brought into memory at the same time and moved through in lockstep (yet this is still not cache efficient if each column is ordered differently), or the initial column must be scanned, each value buffered and then the second column scanned separately to complete the half-finished output tuple.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The same general problem arises when preparing each tuple to write out as a result of (non-aggregating) query. Selecting several columns at once requires ‘row reconstruction’ at some point in the query lifecycle. Deciding when to do this is a complicated process, and (as we shall see) the literature has not yet developed a good rule of thumb. Many databases are row-major internally, and therefore a columnar format is transposed into a row-major one relatively early in the scanning process. As described above, this can require buffering half-constructed tuples in memory. For this reason, columnar formats are often partiioned into ‘row-groups’; each column chunk N contains rows (K*N) to ((K+1) * N). This reduces the amount of buffering required, at the cost of a few more disk seeks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Further Aspects of Columnar Storage&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Fully column-oriented execution engines&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Relevant papers:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://people.csail.mit.edu/tdanford/6830papers/stonebraker-cstore.pdf&quot;&gt;C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vldb.org/pvldb/vol5/p1790_andrewlamb_vldb2012.pdf&quot;&gt;The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://db.lcs.mit.edu/projects/cstore/abadiicde2007.pdf&quot;&gt;Materialization Strategies in a Column-Oriented DBMS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://db.csail.mit.edu/projects/cstore/VLDB06.pdf&quot;&gt;Performance Tradeoffs in Read-Optimized Databases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://db.csail.mit.edu/projects/cstore/abadi-sigmod08.pdf&quot;&gt;Column-Stores vs. Row-Stores: How Different Are They Really?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt; In this post, I’ve talked mostly about the benefits of columnar storage for scans – query operators that read data from disk, but whose ultimate output is a batch of rows for the rest of the query plan to operate on. In fact, columnar data can be integrated into pretty much every operator in a query execution engine. C-Store, the research project precursor to Vertica, explored a lot of the consequences of keeping data in columns until later on in the query plan. Eventually, of course, the columns have to be converted to rows, since the user expects a result in row-major format. The choice of when to perform this conversion is called &lt;em&gt;late or early materialisation&lt;/em&gt;; viewed this way column-stores and row-stores can be considered two points on a spectrum of early to late materialisation strategies. Materialisation is studied in detail in the materialisation strategies paper above. Their conclusions are that the correct time to construct a tuple depends on the query plan (two broad patterns are considered: pipelining and parallel scans) and the query selectivity. Unfortunately, supporting both strategies would involve significant implementation cost – each operator would have to support two interfaces, and two parallel execution engines would effectively be frankensteined together. In general, late materialisation can lead to significant advantages: for example, by delaying the cost of reconstructing a tuple, it can be avoided if the tuple is ultimately filtered out by a predicate. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The difference between row-based and columnar execution engines is studied in the &lt;em&gt;Performance Tradeoffs…&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Column-Stores vs. Row-Stores…&lt;/em&gt; papers. The former takes a detailed look at when each strategy is superior – coming out in favour mostly of column-stores, but only with simple queries and basic query plans. The latter tries to implement common column-store optimisations in a traditional row-store, without changing the code. This means a number of increasingly brittle hacks to emulate columnar storage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Compression&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Relevant papers:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://db.lcs.mit.edu/projects/cstore/abadisigmod06.pdf&quot;&gt;Integrating Compression and Execution on Column-Oriented Database Systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A column of values drawn from the same set (like item price, say) is likely to be highly amenable to compression since the values contained are similar, and often identical. Compressing a column has at least two significant advantages on IO cost: less space is required on disk, and less IO required to bring a column into memory (at the cost of some CPU to decompress which is usually going spare). Some compression formats – for example run-length encoding – allow execution engines to operate on the compressed data directly, filtering large chunks at a time without first decompressing them. This is another advantage of late materialisation – by keeping the data compressed until late in the query plan, these optimisations become available to many operators, not just the scan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Hybrid approaches&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Relevant papers:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vldb.org/conf/2001/P169.pdf&quot;&gt;Weaving Relations for Cache Performance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Since neither row-major nor column-major is strictly superior on every workload, it’s natural that some research has been done into hybrid approaches that can achieve the best of both worlds. The most commonly known approach is PAX – Partition Attributes Across – which splits the table into page-sized groups of rows, and inside those groups formats the rows in column-major order. This is the same approach as the row-groups used to prevent excessive buffering described earlier, but this is not the aim of PAX; with PAX the original intention was to make CPU processing more efficient by having individual columns available contiguously to perform filtering, but also to have all the columns for a particular row nearby inside a group to make tuple reconstruction cheaper. The result of this approach is that IO costs don’t go down (because each row-group is only a page long, and is therefore read in its entirety), but reconstruction and filtering is cheaper than for true columnar formats. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;postMeta&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;postDate&quot;&gt;Published: &lt;abbr title=&quot;2013-01-30T19:46:31-0700&quot; class=&quot;published&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/2013/01/30/&quot;&gt;January 30, 2013&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;categories&quot;&gt;Filed Under: &lt;a href=&quot;http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/category/databases/&quot; rel=&quot;category tag&quot;&gt;Databases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>빅데이터</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/33</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/33#entry33comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jul 2016 20:43:03 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Apache Drill vs. Apache Spark: What&amp;rsquo;s The Right Tool for the Job?</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/32</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;출처 :&amp;nbsp;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/kingmesal/386160/apache-drill-vs-apache-spark-what-s-right-tool-job&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;post-header&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;gigya-sharebar-post-detail&quot; id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0_gig_containerParent&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0&quot; style=&quot;visibility: visible;&quot; gigid=&quot;showShareBarUI&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;gig-bar-container gig-share-bar-container&quot;&gt;&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; -ms-zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;gig-button-container gig-button-container-count-right gig-button-container-facebook gig-button-container-facebook-count-right gig-share-button-container gig-button-container-horizontal&quot;&gt;&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;gig-button-td&quot;&gt;&lt;div title=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;gig-button gig-share-button gig-button-up gig-button-count-right&quot; id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0-reaction0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0-reaction0-left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0-reaction0-icon&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; background-repeat: repeat-x;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0-reaction0-facebook_img&quot; style=&quot;background-position: -46px 0px; width: 16px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; position: static; background-image: url(&amp;quot;http://cdn1.gigya.com/gs/GetSprite.ashx?path=%2FshareBar%2Fbutton%2Fbutton%5Bleft%2Cright%5DImg%5Bup%2Cover%5D.png%7C2%2C20%5E%2FshareBar%2Fbutton%2FrightCountImg.png%7C38%2C20%5E%2Fsharebar%2Ficons%2F%5Bfacebook%2Ctwitter%2Clinkedin%2Cgoogle%2Cshare%2Cemail%5D.png%7C16%2C16&amp;quot;); background-repeat: no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0-reaction0-right&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;gig-counter gig-share-counter gig-counter-$rid gig-counter-right&quot; id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0-reaction0-count&quot; style=&quot;background-position: -8px 0px; width: 38px; height: 20px; text-align: center; line-height: 20px; vertical-align: middle; position: static; background-image: url(&amp;quot;http://cdn1.gigya.com/gs/GetSprite.ashx?path=%2FshareBar%2Fbutton%2Fbutton%5Bleft%2Cright%5DImg%5Bup%2Cover%5D.png%7C2%2C20%5E%2FshareBar%2Fbutton%2FrightCountImg.png%7C38%2C20%5E%2Fsharebar%2Ficons%2F%5Bfacebook%2Ctwitter%2Clinkedin%2Cgoogle%2Cshare%2Cemail%5D.png%7C16%2C16&amp;quot;); background-repeat: no-repeat;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gig-counter-text gig-share-counter-text gig-counter-text-right gig-share-counter-text-right&quot; id=&quot;gigya-sharebar-0-reaction0-count-value&quot;&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; -ms-zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;gig-button-container gig-button-container-count-none gig-button-container-twitter gig-button-container-twitter-count-none gig-share-button-container gig-button-container-horizontal&quot;&gt;&lt;div title=&quot;&quot; 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          &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;clearfix&quot; style=&quot;height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;articlebody&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mapr.com/products/apache-spark&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;imgp_img&quot; style=&quot;float: right;&quot; alt=&quot;Image&quot; src=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/sites/smartdatacollective.com/files/imagepicker/1721992/spark_vs_drill.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you’re looking to implement a big data project, you’re probably deciding whether to go with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mapr.com/products/apache-spark&quot;&gt;Apache Spark&lt;/a&gt; SQL or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mapr.com/products/apache-drill&quot;&gt;Apache Drill&lt;/a&gt;. This article can help you decide which query tool you should use for the kinds of projects you’re working on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spark SQL&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spark SQL is simply a module that lets you work with structured data using Apache Spark. It allows you to &lt;a href=&quot;https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html#running-sql-queries-programmatically&quot;&gt;mix SQL&lt;/a&gt; within your existing Spark projects. Not only do you get access to a familiar SQL query language, you also get access to powerful tools such as Spark Streaming and the MLlib machine learning library.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spark uses a special data structure called a DataFrame that represents data as named columns, similar to relational tables. You can query the data from Scala, Python, Java, and R. This enables you to perform powerful analysis of your data rather than just retrieving it. But it’s even more powerful when extracting data for use with the machine learning library. With MLlib, you can perform sophisticated analyses, detect credit card fraud, and process data coming from servers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As with Drill, Spark SQL is compatible with a number of data formats, including some of the same ones that Drill supports: &lt;a href=&quot;https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html#parquet-files&quot;&gt;Parquet&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html#json-datasets&quot;&gt;JSON&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html#hive-tables&quot;&gt;Hive&lt;/a&gt;. Spark SQL can handle multiple data sources similar to the way Drill can, but you can funnel the data into your machine learning systems mentioned earlier. This gives you a lot of power to analyze multiple data points, especially when combined with Spark Streaming. Spark SQL serves as a way to glue together different data sources and libraries into a powerful application.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Apache Drill&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apache Drill is a powerful database engine that also lets you use SQL for queries. You can use a number of data formats, including Parquet, MongoDB, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mapr.com/products/mapr-db-in-hadoop-nosql&quot;&gt;MapR-DB&lt;/a&gt;, HDFS, MapR-FS, &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/s3/&quot;&gt;Amazon S3&lt;/a&gt;, Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage, Swift, NAS, and more.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use data from multiple data sources and join them without having to pull the data out, making Drill especially useful for business intelligence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The ability to view multiple types of data, some of which have both strict and loose schema, as well as being able to allow for complex data models, might seem like a drag on performance. However, Drill uses schema discovery and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://drill.apache.org/docs/architecture-introduction/#flexible-data-model&quot;&gt;hierarchical columnar data model&lt;/a&gt; to treat data like a set of tables, independently of how the data is actually modeled.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Almost all existing BI tools, including Tableau, Qlik, MicroStrategy, Spotfire, SAS, and even Excel, can use Drill’s JDBC and ODBC drivers to connect to it. This makes Drill very useful for people already using BI and SQL databases to move up to big data workloads using tools they’re already familiar with.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drill’s JDBC driver lets BI tools access Drill. JDBC lets developers query large datasets using Java. This has a similar advantage that using ANSI SQL does: lots of developers are already familiar with Java and can transfer their skills to Drill.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Easy Data Access in Drill&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;One of Drill’s biggest strengths is its ability to secure databases at the file level using &lt;a href=&quot;http://doc.mapr.com/display/MapR/Drill+Impersonation+with+Hive&quot;&gt;views and impersonation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Views within Drill are the same as those within relational databases. They allow a simplified query to hide the complexities of the underlying tables. Impersonation allows a user to access data as another user. This enables fine-grained access to the raw data when other members of your team should not be able to view sensitive or secure data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Views and impersonation are beyond the scope of Apache Spark.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;So which query engine should you choose? As always, it depends. If you’re mainly looking to query data quickly, even across multiple data sources, then you should look into Drill. If you want to go beyond querying data and work with data in more algorithmic ways, then Spark SQL might be for you. You can always test both out by playing around in your own &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mapr.com/products/mapr-sandbox-hadoop/tutorials/spark-tutorial&quot;&gt;Sandbox environment&lt;/a&gt;, which lets you play around with these powerful systems on your own machine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;links inline&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;comment_forbidden first&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/user/login?destination=node%2F386160%23comment-form&quot;&gt;Login&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/user/register?destination=node%2F386160%23comment-form&quot;&gt;register&lt;/a&gt; to post comments&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class=&quot;vud_node_votes_count last&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- end of #post-header --&gt;        &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-bio cf&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/users/bigdatajim&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;alignleft&quot; src=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/sites/smartdatacollective.com/files/imagecache/profileThumb80px/jimscott_4x4.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                       &lt;div class=&quot;alignright&quot; style=&quot;width: 470px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;social-links&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Connect:&lt;/em&gt;                                   &lt;a title=&quot;Follow on Twitter&quot; href=&quot;http://twitter.com/kingmesal&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;14&quot; alt=&quot;Twitter&quot; src=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/sites/all/themes/global/images/twitter_60.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                                                   &lt;a title=&quot;Connect on LinkedIn&quot; href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/kingmesal&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;14&quot; alt=&quot;LinkedIn&quot; src=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/sites/all/themes/global/images/linkedin_60.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                                                                   &lt;a title=&quot;Go to author's website&quot; href=&quot;https://www.mapr.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;14&quot; alt=&quot;website&quot; src=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/sites/all/themes/global/images/webpage-icon.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                               &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Authored by:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/users/bigdatajim&quot;&gt;Jim Scott&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;            James A. Scott (prefers to go by Jim) is Director, Enterprise Strategy &amp;amp; Architecture at MapR Technologies and is very active in the Hadoop community. Jim helped build the Hadoop community in Chicago as cofounder of the Chicago Hadoop Users Group. He has implemented Hadoop at three different companies, supporting a variety of enterprise use cases from managing Points of Interest for mapping ...            &lt;p class=&quot;alignright&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smartdatacollective.com/users/bigdatajim&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;See complete profile&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>빅데이터</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/32</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/32#entry32comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2016 17:57:53 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hello, TensorFlow!</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/31</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;출처 :&amp;nbsp;https://www.oreilly.com/learning/hello-tensorflow&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;title t-c&quot; itemprop=&quot;headline&quot;&gt;Hello, TensorFlow!&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;dek&quot; itemprop=&quot;alternativeHeadline&quot;&gt;Building and training your first TensorFlow graph from the ground up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;    By   &lt;span class=&quot;author&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Person&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oreilly.com/people/aaron-schumacher&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Aaron Schumacher&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;time class=&quot;date&quot;&gt;June 20, 2016&lt;/time&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;date&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;aside data-type=&quot;note&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;For more on basic techniques and coding your own machine learning algorithms, &lt;a href=&quot;http://shop.oreilly.com/category/learning-path/machine-learning.do?intcmp=il-data-books-videos-product-na_20160616_new_site_aaron_schumacher_tensorflow_post_lp_editor_note_link&quot;&gt;check out our O'Reilly Learning Path, &quot;Machine Learning.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/&quot;&gt;TensorFlow&lt;/a&gt; project is bigger than you might realize. The fact that it's a library for deep learning, and its connection to Google, has helped TensorFlow attract a lot of attention. But beyond the hype, there are unique elements to the project that are worthy of closer inspection:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The core library is suited to a broad family of machine learning techniques, not “just” deep learning.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Linear algebra and other internals are prominently exposed.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In addition to the core machine learning functionality, TensorFlow also includes its own logging system, its own interactive log visualizer, and even its own heavily engineered serving architecture.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The execution model for TensorFlow differs from Python's scikit-learn, or most tools in R.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cool stuff, but—especially for someone hoping to explore machine learning for the first time—TensorFlow can be a lot to take in.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;block-product   right&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Product&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;cta&quot;&gt;Get O'Reilly's weekly data newsletter&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/oreilly/email/data-newsletter-20160205.jpg&quot; itemprop=&quot;image&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/oreilly/email/forms/nl-signup-form-20160205.html?site=norm&amp;amp;topic=data&amp;amp;loc=right_cta&amp;amp;emtype=nl&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;height: 100px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;             &lt;div class=&quot;meta&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does TensorFlow work? Let's break it down so we can see and understand every moving part. We'll explore the data flow &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type)&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/a&gt; that defines the computations your data will undergo, how to train models with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent&quot;&gt;gradient descent&lt;/a&gt; using TensorFlow, and how &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/how_tos/summaries_and_tensorboard/&quot;&gt;TensorBoard&lt;/a&gt; can visualize your TensorFlow work. The examples here won't solve industrial machine learning problems, but they'll help you understand the components underlying everything built with TensorFlow, including whatever you build next!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Names and execution in Python and TensorFlow&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The way TensorFlow manages computation is not totally different from the way Python usually does. With both, it's important to remember, to paraphrase &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/hadleywickham/status/732288980549390336&quot;&gt;Hadley Wickham&lt;/a&gt;, that an object has no name (see Figure 1). In order to see the similarities (and differences) between how Python and TensorFlow work, let’s look at how they refer to objects and handle evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;id-RN4iK&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;iimages1400px-image01jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Names “have” objects, rather than the reverse&quot; src=&quot;https://d3ansictanv2wj.cloudfront.net/1400px-image01-04b58810411f87b7bc561dee09b220f8.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;figcaption&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;Figure 1. &lt;/span&gt;Names “have” objects, rather than the reverse. Image courtesy of Hadley Wickham, used with permission.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p&gt;The variable names in Python code aren't what they represent; they're just pointing at objects. So, when you say in Python that &lt;code&gt;foo = []&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bar = foo&lt;/code&gt;, it isn't just that &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt; equals &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt; &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt;, in the sense that they both point at the same list object.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/span&gt; = []
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;bar&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;bar&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## True&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;is&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;bar&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## True&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also see that &lt;code&gt;id(foo)&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;id(bar)&lt;/code&gt; are the same. This identity, especially with &lt;a href=&quot;https://codehabitude.com/2013/12/24/python-objects-mutable-vs-immutable/&quot;&gt;mutable&lt;/a&gt; data structures like lists, can lead to surprising bugs when it's misunderstood.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Internally, Python manages all your objects and keeps track of your variable names and which objects they refer to. The TensorFlow graph represents another layer of this kind of management; as we’ll see, Python names will refer to objects that connect to more granular and managed TensorFlow graph operations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;block-product    right&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Product&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4 class=&quot;kicker &quot;&gt;VIDEO&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fake-image&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;t-bkg&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;block-link&quot; href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920052630.do&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;block-icon&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;icon icon-video t-fill&quot;&gt;&lt;svg xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; role=&quot;img&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 1000 800&quot;&gt;&lt;title&gt;video&lt;/title&gt;    &lt;path d=&quot;M 944.2 198.5 c -9.7 -76.4 -79.9 -148.8 -155.9 -160.9 c 0 0 -136.5 -21.7 -279.8 -21.7 S 228.7 37.6 228.7 37.6 c -76 12.1 -146.2 84.5 -155.9 160.9 c 0 0 -10.6 83.2 -10.6 198 s 10.6 198 10.6 198 c 9.7 76.4 79.9 148.8 155.9 160.9 c 0 0 136.5 21.7 279.8 21.7 s 279.8 -21.7 279.8 -21.7 c 76 -12.1 146.2 -84.5 155.9 -160.9 c 0 0 10.6 -83.2 10.6 -198 s -10.6 -198 -10.6 -198 Z m -540.4 376 V 223.8 L 696 399.1 L 403.8 574.5 Z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;              &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Up and Running with Deep Learning&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920052630.do&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Up and Running with Deep Learning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;meta&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;    By  &lt;span class=&quot;author&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Person&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920052630.do&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot;&gt;O'Reilly Media, Inc.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;more&quot; href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920052630.do&quot;&gt;          Shop now  &lt;span class=&quot;icon t-bkg icon-arrow-right icon-round   &quot;&gt;&lt;svg xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; role=&quot;img&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 20 20&quot;&gt;&lt;title&gt;arrow-right&lt;/title&gt;    &lt;path d=&quot;M 14 15.5 V 12 H 1 V 8 h 13 V 4.5 l 5.25 5.5 L 14 15.5 Z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;/a&gt;          &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you enter a Python expression, for example at an interactive interpreter or Read Evaluate Print Loop (REPL), whatever is read is almost always evaluated right away. Python is eager to do what you tell it. So, if I tell Python to &lt;code&gt;foo.append(bar)&lt;/code&gt;, it appends right away, even if I never use &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt; again.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A lazier alternative would be to just remember that I said &lt;code&gt;foo.append(bar)&lt;/code&gt;, and if I ever evaluate &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt; at some point in the future, Python could do the append then. This would be closer to how TensorFlow behaves, where defining relationships is entirely separate from evaluating what the results are.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;TensorFlow separates the definition of computations from their execution even further by having them happen in separate places: a graph defines the operations, but the operations only happen within a session. Graphs and sessions are created independently. A graph is like a blueprint, and a session is like a construction site.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Back to our plain Python example, recall that &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt; refer to the same list. By appending &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt; into &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, we've put a list inside itself. You could think of this structure as a graph with one node, pointing to itself. Nesting lists is one way to represent a graph structure like a TensorFlow computation graph.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;append&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;bar&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## [[...]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Real TensorFlow graphs will be more interesting than this!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;The simplest TensorFlow graph&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;To start getting our hands dirty, let’s create the simplest TensorFlow graph we can, from the ground up. TensorFlow is admirably easier to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/get_started/os_setup.html&quot;&gt;install&lt;/a&gt; than some other frameworks. The examples here work with either Python 2.7 or 3.3+, and the TensorFlow version used is 0.8.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tensorflow&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;At this point TensorFlow has already started managing a lot of state for us. There's already an implicit default graph, for example. &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/v0.8.0/tensorflow/python/framework/ops.py#L3399&quot;&gt;Internally&lt;/a&gt;, the default graph lives in the &lt;code&gt;_default_graph_stack&lt;/code&gt;, but we don't have access to that directly. We use &lt;code&gt;tf.get_default_graph()&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;get_default_graph&lt;/span&gt;()&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;The nodes of the TensorFlow graph are called “operations,” or “ops.” We can see what operations are in the graph with &lt;code&gt;graph.get_operations()&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;block-product    right&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Product&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4 class=&quot;kicker &quot;&gt;EBOOK&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb orientation-vertical&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920039709.do&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;orientation-vertical&quot; src=&quot;https://akamaicovers.oreilly.com/images/9781491925553/cat.gif&quot; itemprop=&quot;image&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920039709.do&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Fundamentals of Deep Learning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;meta&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;byline&quot;&gt;    By  &lt;span class=&quot;author&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/Person&quot; itemscope=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920039709.do&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Nikhil Buduma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;more&quot; href=&quot;https://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920039709.do&quot;&gt;          Shop now  &lt;span class=&quot;icon t-bkg icon-arrow-right icon-round   &quot;&gt;&lt;svg xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot; role=&quot;img&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 20 20&quot;&gt;&lt;title&gt;arrow-right&lt;/title&gt;    &lt;path d=&quot;M 14 15.5 V 12 H 1 V 8 h 13 V 4.5 l 5.25 5.5 L 14 15.5 Z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;        &lt;/a&gt;          &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;get_operations&lt;/span&gt;()
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## []&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Currently, there isn't anything in the graph. We’ll need to put everything we want TensorFlow to compute into that graph. Let's start with a simple constant input value of one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;input_value&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;constant&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;1.0&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;That constant now lives as a node, an operation, in the graph. The Python variable name &lt;code&gt;input_value&lt;/code&gt; refers indirectly to that operation, but we can also find the operation in the default graph.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;operations&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;get_operations&lt;/span&gt;()
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;operations&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## [&amp;lt;tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Operation at 0x1185005d0&amp;gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;operations&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;node_def&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## name: &quot;Const&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## op: &quot;Const&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## attr {&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; key: &quot;dtype&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; value {&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; type: DT_FLOAT&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; }&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## }&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## attr {&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; key: &quot;value&quot;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; value {&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; tensor {&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dtype: DT_FLOAT&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; tensor_shape {&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; }&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; float_val: 1.0&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; }&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;##&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; }&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## }&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;TensorFlow uses protocol buffers internally. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/&quot;&gt;Protocol buffers&lt;/a&gt; are sort of like a Google-strength &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.json.org/&quot;&gt;JSON&lt;/a&gt;.) Printing the &lt;code&gt;node_def&lt;/code&gt; for the constant operation above shows what's in TensorFlow's protocol buffer representation for the number one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;People new to TensorFlow sometimes wonder why there's all this fuss about making “TensorFlow versions” of things. Why can't we just use a normal Python variable without also defining a TensorFlow object? &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/tutorials/mnist/pros/index.html#deep-mnist-for-experts&quot;&gt;One of the TensorFlow tutorials&lt;/a&gt; has an explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;To do efficient numerical computing in Python, we typically use libraries like NumPy that do expensive operations such as matrix multiplication outside Python, using highly efficient code implemented in another language. Unfortunately, there can still be a lot of overhead from switching back to Python every operation. This overhead is especially bad if you want to run computations on GPUs or in a distributed manner, where there can be a high cost to transferring data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;TensorFlow also does its heavy lifting outside Python, but it takes things a step further to avoid this overhead. Instead of running a single expensive operation independently from Python, TensorFlow lets us describe a graph of interacting operations that run entirely outside Python. This approach is similar to that used in Theano or Torch.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;TensorFlow can do a lot of great things, but it can only work with what's been explicitly given to it. This is true even for a single constant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If we inspect our &lt;code&gt;input_value&lt;/code&gt;, we see it is a constant 32-bit float tensor of no dimension: just one number.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;input_value&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## &amp;lt;tf.Tensor 'Const:0' shape=() dtype=float32&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note that this &lt;em&gt;doesn't&lt;/em&gt; tell us what that number &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt;. To evaluate &lt;code&gt;input_value&lt;/code&gt; and get a numerical value out, we need to create a “session” where graph operations can be evaluated and then explicitly ask to evaluate or “run” &lt;code&gt;input_value&lt;/code&gt;. (The session picks up the default graph by default.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;Session&lt;/span&gt;()
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;input_value&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## 1.0&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;It may feel a little strange to “run” a constant. But it isn't so different from evaluating an expression as usual in Python; it's just that TensorFlow is managing its own space of things—the computational graph—and it has its own method of evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;The simplest TensorFlow neuron&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now that we have a session with a simple graph, let's build a neuron with just one parameter, or weight. Often, even simple neurons also have a bias term and a non-identity activation function, but we'll leave these out.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The neuron's weight isn't going to be constant; we expect it to change in order to learn based on the “true” input and output we use for training. The weight will be a TensorFlow &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/how_tos/variables/&quot;&gt;variable&lt;/a&gt;. We'll give that variable a starting value of 0.8.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;weight&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;Variable&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.8&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;You might expect that adding a variable would add one operation to the graph, but in fact that one line adds four operations. We can check all the operation names:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;get_operations&lt;/span&gt;(): &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## Const&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## Variable/initial_value&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## Variable&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## Variable/Assign&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## Variable/read&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;We won't want to follow every operation individually for long, but it will be nice to see at least one that feels like a real computation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;output_value&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;weight&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;input_value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now there are six operations in the graph, and the last one is that multiplication.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;get_operations&lt;/span&gt;()[&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## 'mul'&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op_input&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;inputs&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op_input&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## Tensor(&quot;Variable/read:0&quot;, shape=(), dtype=float32)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## Tensor(&quot;Const:0&quot;, shape=(), dtype=float32)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;This shows how the multiplication operation tracks where its inputs come from: they come from other operations in the graph. To understand a whole graph, following references this way quickly becomes tedious for humans. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/how_tos/graph_viz/&quot;&gt;TensorBoard graph visualization&lt;/a&gt; is designed to help.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do we find out what the product is? We have to “run” the &lt;code&gt;output_value&lt;/code&gt; operation. But that operation depends on a variable: &lt;code&gt;weight&lt;/code&gt;. We told TensorFlow that the initial value of &lt;code&gt;weight&lt;/code&gt; should be 0.8, but the value hasn't yet been set in the current session. The &lt;code&gt;tf.initialize_all_variables()&lt;/code&gt; function generates an operation which will initialize all our variables (in this case just one) and then we can run that operation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;init&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;initialize_all_variables&lt;/span&gt;()
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;init&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;The result of &lt;code&gt;tf.initialize_all_variables()&lt;/code&gt; will include initializers for all the variables &lt;em&gt;currently in the graph,&lt;/em&gt; so if you add more variables you'll want to use &lt;code&gt;tf.initialize_all_variables()&lt;/code&gt; again; a stale &lt;code&gt;init&lt;/code&gt; wouldn't include the new variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now we're ready to run the &lt;code&gt;output_value&lt;/code&gt; operation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;output_value&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## 0.80000001&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Recall that's 0.8 * 1.0 with 32-bit floats, and 32-bit floats &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Representable_numbers.2C_conversion_and_rounding&quot;&gt;have a hard time&lt;/a&gt; with 0.8; 0.80000001 is as close as they can get.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;See your graph in TensorBoard&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Up to this point, the graph has been simple, but it would already be nice to see it represented in a diagram. We'll use TensorBoard to generate that diagram. TensorBoard reads the name field that is stored inside each operation (quite distinct from Python variable names). We can use these TensorFlow names and switch to more conventional Python variable names. Using &lt;code&gt;tf.mul&lt;/code&gt; here is equivalent to our earlier use of just &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; for multiplication, but it lets us set the name for the operation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;constant&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;1.0&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'input'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;Variable&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.8&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'weight'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;mul&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'output'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;TensorBoard works by looking at a directory of output created from TensorFlow sessions. We can write this output with a &lt;code&gt;SummaryWriter&lt;/code&gt;, and if we do nothing aside from creating one with a graph, it will just write out that graph.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first argument when creating the &lt;code&gt;SummaryWriter&lt;/code&gt; is an output directory name, which will be created if it doesn't exist.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_writer&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;SummaryWriter&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'log_simple_graph'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now, at the command line, we can start up TensorBoard.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot;&gt;$ tensorboard --logdir=log_simple_graph
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;TensorBoard runs as a local web app, on port 6006. (“6006” is “goog” upside-down.) If you go in a browser to &lt;code&gt;localhost:6006/#graphs&lt;/code&gt; you should see a diagram of the graph you created in TensorFlow, which looks something like Figure 2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;id-LDibA&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;iimages1400px-image02jpg&quot; alt=&quot;A TensorBoard visualization of the simplest TensorFlow neuron&quot; src=&quot;https://d3ansictanv2wj.cloudfront.net/1400px-image02-af763e31293cb5456a6959f372191168.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;figcaption&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;Figure 2. &lt;/span&gt;A TensorBoard visualization of the simplest TensorFlow neuron.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Making the neuron learn&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now that we’ve built our neuron, how does it learn? We set up an input value of 1.0. Let's say the correct output value is zero. That is, we have a very simple “training set” of just one example with one feature, which has the value one, and one label, which is zero. We want the neuron to learn the function taking one to zero.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the system takes the input one and returns 0.8, which is not correct. We need a way to measure how wrong the system is. We'll call that measure of wrongness the “loss” and give our system the goal of minimizing the loss. If the loss can be negative, then minimizing it could be silly, so let's make the loss the square of the difference between the current output and the desired output.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y_&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;constant&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.0&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;loss&lt;/span&gt; = (&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y_&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;So far, nothing in the graph does any learning. For that, we need an optimizer. We'll use a gradient descent optimizer so that we can update the weight based on the derivative of the loss. The optimizer takes a learning rate to moderate the size of the updates, which we'll set at 0.025.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;optim&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;GradientDescentOptimizer&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;learning_rate&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.025&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;The optimizer is remarkably clever. It can automatically work out and apply the appropriate gradients through a whole network, carrying out the backward step for learning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let's see what the gradient looks like for our simple example.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;grads_and_vars&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;optim&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;compute_gradients&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;loss&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;initialize_all_variables&lt;/span&gt;())
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;grads_and_vars&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;][&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;])
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## 1.6&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why is the value of the gradient 1.6? Our loss is error squared, and the derivative of that is two times the error. Currently the system says 0.8 instead of 0, so the error is 0.8, and two times 0.8 is 1.6. It's working!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For more complex systems, it will be very nice indeed that TensorFlow calculates and then applies these gradients for us automatically.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let's apply the gradient, finishing the backpropagation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;optim&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;apply_gradients&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;grads_and_vars&lt;/span&gt;))
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## 0.75999999&amp;nbsp; # about 0.76&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;The weight decreased by 0.04 because the optimizer subtracted the gradient times the learning rate, 1.6 * 0.025, pushing the weight in the right direction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instead of hand-holding the optimizer like this, we can make one operation that calculates and applies the gradients: the &lt;code&gt;train_step&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train_step&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;GradientDescentOptimizer&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.025&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;minimize&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;loss&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-builtin&quot;&gt;range&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;):
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train_step&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## 0.0044996012&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Running the training step many times, the weight and the output value are now very close to zero. The neuron has learned!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Training diagnostics in TensorBoard&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;We may be interested in what's happening during training. Say we want to follow what our system is predicting at every training step. We could print from inside the training loop.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;initialize_all_variables&lt;/span&gt;())
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-builtin&quot;&gt;range&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;):
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'before step {}, y is {}'&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-builtin&quot;&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;)))
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train_step&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## before step 0, y is 0.800000011921&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## before step 1, y is 0.759999990463&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## ...&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## before step 98, y is 0.00524811353534&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-comment&quot;&gt;## before step 99, y is 0.00498570781201&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;This works, but there are some problems. It's hard to understand a list of numbers. A plot would be better. And even with only one value to monitor, there's too much output to read. We're likely to want to monitor many things. It would be nice to record everything in some organized way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Luckily, the same system that we used earlier to visualize the graph also has just the mechanisms we need.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We instrument the computation graph by adding operations that summarize its state. Here, we'll create an operation that reports the current value of &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;, the neuron's current output.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_y&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;scalar_summary&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'output'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you run a summary operation, it returns a string of protocol buffer text that can be written to a log directory with a &lt;code&gt;SummaryWriter&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_writer&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;SummaryWriter&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'log_simple_stats'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;initialize_all_variables&lt;/span&gt;())
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-builtin&quot;&gt;range&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;):
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_str&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_y&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_writer&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;add_summary&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_str&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train_step&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now after running &lt;code&gt;tensorboard --logdir=log_simple_stats&lt;/code&gt;, you get an interactive plot at &lt;code&gt;localhost:6006/#events&lt;/code&gt; (Figure 3).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;id-vyilr&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;iimages1400px-image00jpg&quot; alt=&quot;A TensorBoard visualization of a neuron’s output against training iteration number&quot; src=&quot;https://d3ansictanv2wj.cloudfront.net/1400px-image00-0aa9ce5979e5e4c310fd765d69c0b627.jpg&quot;&gt; &lt;figcaption&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;Figure 3. &lt;/span&gt;A TensorBoard visualization of a neuron’s output against training iteration number.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Flowing onward&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here's a final version of the code. It's fairly minimal, with every part showing useful (and understandable) TensorFlow functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;cm-s-oreilly&quot; data-code-language=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tensorflow&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;constant&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;1.0&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'input'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;Variable&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.8&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'weight'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;mul&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'output'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y_&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;constant&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.0&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'correct_value'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;loss&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-builtin&quot;&gt;pow&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-operator&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y_&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;=&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'loss'&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train_step&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;GradientDescentOptimizer&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;0.025&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;minimize&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;loss&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;value&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; [&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;y_&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;loss&lt;/span&gt;]:
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;scalar_summary&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;value&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;op&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;value&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summaries&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;merge_all_summaries&lt;/span&gt;()

&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;Session&lt;/span&gt;()
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_writer&lt;/span&gt; = &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;SummaryWriter&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-string&quot;&gt;'log_simple_stats'&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;graph&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;tf&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;initialize_all_variables&lt;/span&gt;())
&lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-keyword&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-builtin&quot;&gt;range&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-number&quot;&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;):
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summary_writer&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;add_summary&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;summaries&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;)
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;sess&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;cm-variable&quot;&gt;train_step&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p&gt;The example we just ran through is even simpler than the ones that inspired it in Michael Nielsen's &lt;a href=&quot;http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/&quot;&gt;Neural Networks and Deep Learning&lt;/a&gt;. For myself, seeing details like these helps with understanding and building more complex systems that use and extend from simple building blocks. Part of the beauty of TensorFlow is how flexibly you can build complex systems from simpler components.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you want to continue experimenting with TensorFlow, it might be fun to start making more interesting neurons, perhaps with different &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_function#Comparison_of_activation_functions&quot;&gt;activation functions&lt;/a&gt;. You could train with more interesting data. You could add more neurons. You could add more layers. You could dive into more complex &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/tree/master/tensorflow/models&quot;&gt;pre-built models&lt;/a&gt;, or spend more time with TensorFlow's own &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/tutorials/&quot;&gt;tutorials&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/how_tos/&quot;&gt;how-to guides&lt;/a&gt;. Go for it!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;date&quot;&gt;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;aside class=&quot;sidebar&quot; id=&quot;id-VpSQk&quot; data-type=&quot;sidebar&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to Paco Nathan, Ben Lorica, and Marie Beaugureau for nudging this post toward existence. Thanks to Henry Chen, Dennis Leung, and Paul Gulley at Deep Learning Analytics, and the DC Machine Learning Journal Club for providing valuable feedback on early versions. Thanks again to Marie Beaugureau and Jenn Webb for dramatically improving the quality of the final version.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;image-credit&quot;&gt;Article image: Braided river.           &lt;span class=&quot;source-name&quot;&gt;                  (source: &lt;a class=&quot;secondary&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/alaskanps/8029733984&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;National Park Service, Alaska Region on Flickr&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;image-credit&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;source-name&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oreilly.com/people/aaron-schumacher&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;           &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;text-group&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;block-title&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oreilly.com/people/aaron-schumacher&quot;&gt;Aaron Schumacher&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;dek&quot;&gt;Aaron Schumacher is a data scientist and software engineer for Deep Learning Analytics. He has taught with Python and R for General Assembly and the Metis data science bootcamp. Aaron has also worked with data at Booz Allen Hamilton, New York University, and the New York City Department of Education. Aaron’s career-best breakdancing result was advancing to the semi-finals of the R16 Korea 2009 individual footwork battle. He is honored to now be the least significant contributor to TensorFlow 0.9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>빅데이터</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/31</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/31#entry31comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Fri, 8 Jul 2016 00:04:20 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neural Network</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/30</link>
      <description>&lt;header style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20px; font-family: &amp;quot;Nanum Gothic&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;entry-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.1; font-size: 1.8em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/74/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 25.2px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Neural Network Introduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/header&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry-content&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 60px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20px; font-family: &amp;quot;Nanum Gothic&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;들어가며&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;최근 Machine Learning 분야에서 가장 뜨거운 분야는 누가 뭐래도 Deep Learning이다. 엄청나게 많은 사람들이 관심을 가지고 있고, 공부하고 응용하고 있지만, 체계적으로 공부할 수 있는 자료가 많이 없다는 것이 개인적으로 조금 안타깝다. 이제 막 각광받기 시작한지 10년 정도 지났고, 매년 새로운 자료들이 쏟아져나오기 때문에 책이나 정리된 글을 찾기가 쉽지가 않다. 그러나 Deep Learning은 결국 artificial neural network를 조금 더 복잡하게 만들어놓은 모델이고, 기본적인 neural network에 대한 이해만 뒷받침된다면 자세한 내용들은 천천히 탑을 쌓는 것이 가능하다고 생각한다. 이 글에서는 neural network의 가장 기본적인 model에 대해 다루고, model paramter를 update하는 algorithm인 backpropagation에 대해서 다룰 것이다. 조금 더 advanced한 topic들은 이 다음 글에서 다룰 예정이다. 이 글의 일부 문단은&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/blog/categories/neural-network/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;이전 글들&lt;/a&gt;을 참고하였다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Motivation of Neural Network&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이름에서부터 알 수 있듯 neural network는 사람의 뇌를 본 따서 만든 머신러닝 모델이다 (참고: 원래 neural network의 full name은 artificial neural network이지만, 일반적으로 neural network라고 줄여서 부른다). 본격적으로 neural network에 대해 설명을 시작하기 전에 먼저 인간보다 컴퓨터가 훨씬 잘 할 수 있는 일들이 무엇이 있을지 생각해보자.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1부터 10000000까지 숫자 더하기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;19312812931이 소수인지 아닌지 판별하기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;주어진 10000 by 10000 matrix 의 determinant값 계산하기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;800 페이지 짜리 책에서 ‘컴퓨터’ 라는 단어가 몇 번 나오는지 세기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;반면 인간이 컴퓨터보다 훨씬 잘 할 수 있는 일들에 대해 생각해보자&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;다른 사람과 상대방이 말하고자하는 바를 완벽하게 이해하면서 내가 하고 싶은 말을 상대도 이해할 수 있도록 전달하기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;주어진 사진이 고양이 사진인지 강아지 사진인지 판별하기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;사진으로 찍어보낸 문서 읽고 이해하기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;주어진 사진에서 얼마나 많은 물체가 있는지 세고, 사진에 직접 표시하기&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;컴퓨터가 잘 할 수 있는 0과 1로 이루어진 사칙연산이다. 기술의 발달로 인해 지금은 컴퓨터가 예전보다도 더 빠른 시간에, 그리고 더 적은 전력으로 훨씬 더 많은 사칙연산을 처리할 수 있다. 반면 사람은 사칙연산을 컴퓨터만큼 빠르게 할 수 없다. 인간의 뇌는 오직 빠른 사칙연산만을 처리하기 위해 만들어진 것이 아니기 때문이다. 그러나 인지, 자연어처리 등의 그 이상의 무언가를 처리하기 위해서는 사칙연산 그 너머의 것들을 할 수 있어야하지만 현재 컴퓨터로는 인간의 뇌가 할 수 있는 수준으로 그런 것들을 처리할 수 없다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;예를 들어 아래와 같이 주어진 사진에서 각각의 물체를 찾아내는 문제를 생각해보자 (출처:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.engadget.com/2014/09/08/google-details-object-recognition-tech/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;링크&lt;/a&gt;). 사람에게는 너무나 간단한 일이지만, 컴퓨터가 처리하기에는 너무나 어려운 일이다. 어떻게 어디부터 어디까지가 ‘tv or monitor’라고 판단할 수 있을까? 컴퓨터에게 사진은 단순한 0과 1로 이루어진 픽셀 데이터에 지나지 않기 때문에 이는 아주 어려운 일이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;center&quot; src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle; display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;그렇기 때문에 자연언어처리, 컴퓨터 비전 등의 영역에서는 인간과 비슷한 성능을 내는 시스템을 만들 수만 있다면 엄청난 기술적 진보가 일어날 수 있을 것이다. 그렇기 때문에 인간의 능력을 쫓아가는 것 이전에, 먼저 인간의 뇌를 모방해보자라는 아이디어를 낼 수 있을 것이다. Neural Network는 이런 모티베이션으로 만들어진 간단한 수학적 모델이다. 우리는 이미 인간의 뇌가 엄청나게 많은 뉴런들과 그것들을 연결하는 시냅스로 구성되어있다는 사실을 알고 있다. 또한 각각의 뉴런들이 activate되는 방식에 따라서 다른 뉴런들도 activate 되거나 activate되지 않거나 하는 등의 action을 취하게 될 것이다. 그렇다면 이 사실들을 기반으로 다음과 같은 간단한 수학적 모델을 정의하는 것이 가능하다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Model of Neural Network: neuron, synapse, activation function&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;먼저 뉴런들이 node이고, 그 뉴런들을 연결하는 시냅스가 edge인 네트워크를 만드는 것이 가능하다. 각각의 시냅스의 중요도가 다를 수 있으므로 edge마다 weight를 따로 정의하게 되면 아래 그림과 같은 형태로 네트워크를 만들 수 있다. (출처:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Artificial_Neural_Networks/Activation_Functions&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;위키&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-1.png&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;보통 neural network는 directed graph이다. 즉, information propagation이 한 방향으로 고정된다는 뜻이다. 만약 undirected edge를 가지게 되면, 혹은 동일한 directed edge가 양방향으로 주어질 경우, information propagation이 recursive하게 일어나서 결과가 조금 복잡해진다. 이런 경우를 recurrent neural network (RNN)이라고 하는데, 과거 데이터를 저장하는 효과가 있기 때문에 최근 음성인식 등의 sequencial data를 처리할 때 많이 사용되고 있다. 이번 ICML 2015에서도 RNN 논문이 많이 발표되고 있고, 최근들어 연구가 활발한 분야이다. 이 글에서는 일단 가장 간단한 ‘multi layer perceptron (MLP)’라는 구조만 다룰 것인데, 이 구조는 directed simple graph이고, 같은 layer들 안에서는 서로 connection이 없다. 즉, self-loop와 parallel edge가 없고, layer와 layer 사이에만 edge가 존재하며, 서로 인접한 layer끼리만 edge를 가진다. 즉, 첫번째 layer와 네번째 layer를 직접 연결하는 edge가 없는 것이다. 앞으로 layer에 대한 특별한 언급이 없다면 이런 MLP라고 생각하면 된다. 참고로 이 경우 information progation이 ‘forward’로만 일어나기 때문에 이런 네트워크를 feed-forward network라고 부르기도 한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;다시 일반적인 neural network에 대해 생각해보자. 실제 뇌에서는 각기 다른 뉴런들이 activate되고, 그 결과가 다음 뉴런으로 전달되고 또 그 결과가 전달되면서 최종 결정을 내리는 뉴런이 activate되는 방식에 따라 정보를 처리하게 된다. 이 방식을 수학적 모델로 바꿔서 생각해보면, input 데이터들에 대한 activation 조건을 function으로 표현하는 것이 가능할 것이다. 이것을 activate function이라고 정의한다. 가장 간단한 activation function의 예시는 들어오는 모든 input 값을 더한 다음, threshold를 설정하여 이 값이 특정 값을 넘으면 activate, 그 값을 넘지 못하면 deactivate되도록 하는 함수일 것이다. 일반적으로 많이 사용되는 여러 종류의 activate function이 존재하는데, 몇 가지를 소개해보도록 하겠다. 편의상&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-1-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munder&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munder&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.208em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.222em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1006.22em 2.651em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-3&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;munderover&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.358em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1000.99em 4.437em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Size1; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.692em; left: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-9&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∗&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-13&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.557em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-14&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.425em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munder&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munder&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라고 정의하겠다. (참고로, 일반적으로는 weight 뿐 아니라 bais도 고려해야한다. 이 경우&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-2-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munder&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munder&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-15&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 10.286em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 8.87em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1008.75em 2.651em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-16&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-17&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-18&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;munderover&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-19&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.358em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1000.99em 4.437em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-20&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Size1; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.692em; left: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-21&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-22&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-23&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-24&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-25&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-26&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∗&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-27&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-28&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.557em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-29&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-30&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-31&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.143em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-32&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-33&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-34&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.425em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munder&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munder&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로 표현이 되지만, 이 글에서는 bais는 weight와 거의 동일하기 때문에 무시하고 진행하도록 하겠다. - 예를 들어 항상 값이 1인&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-3-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-35&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.235em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1001.05em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-36&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-37&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-38&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.557em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-39&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 추가한다면&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-4-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-40&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.419em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1001.24em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-41&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-42&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-43&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-44&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가 bais가 되므로, 가상의 input을 가정하고 weight와 bais를 동일하게 취급하여도 무방하다.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;sigmoid function:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-5-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-45&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 6.222em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.36em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1005.36em 2.836em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-46&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-47&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;f&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-48&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-49&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-50&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-51&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-52&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.974em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.182em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 16.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-53&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.921em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.85em 4.252em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 16.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-54&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-55&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-56&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-57&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-58&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.184em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-59&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-60&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-61&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-62&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.97em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.974em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.639em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.789em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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id=&quot;MathJax-Span-85&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-86&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-87&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-88&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.184em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-89&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-90&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-91&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-92&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.639em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;absolute function:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-7-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2225;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo fence=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot; stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2225;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-93&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 5.237em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.498em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1004.38em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-94&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-95&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;f&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-96&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-97&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-98&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-99&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-100&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∥&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-101&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-102&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∥&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.289em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo fence=&quot;false&quot; stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;∥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ReLU function:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-8-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-103&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 8.377em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.208em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1007.08em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-104&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-105&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;f&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-106&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-107&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-108&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-109&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-110&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-113&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-114&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-115&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-116&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-117&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.289em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;보통 가장 많이 예시로 드는 activation function으로 sigmoid function이 있다. (출처는 위의&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Artificial_Neural_Networks/Activation_Functions&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;위키&lt;/a&gt;와 같음)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;center&quot; src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-4.png&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle; display: block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이 함수는 미분이 간단하다거나, 실제 뉴런들이 동작하는 것과 비슷하게 생겼다는 등의 이유로 과거에는 많이 사용되었지만, 별로 practical한 activation function은 아니고, 실제로는 ReLU를 가장 많이 사용한다 (2012년 ImageNet competition에서 우승했던&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;AlexNet&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;publication을 보면, ReLU와 dropout을 쓰는 것이 그렇지 않은 것보다 훨씬 더 우수한 결과를 얻는다고 주장하고 있다. 이에 대한 자세한 내용은 다른 포스트를 통해 보충하도록 하겠다). 참고로 neuron을 non-linearity라고 부르기도 하는데, 그 이유는 activation function으로 linear function을 사용하게 되면 아무리 여러 neuron layer를 쌓는다고 하더라도 그것이 결국 하나의 layer로 표현이 되기 때문에 non-linear한 activation function을 사용하기 때문이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;따라서 이 모델은 처음에 node와 edge로 이루어진 네트워크의 모양을 정의하고, 각 node 별 activation function을 정의한다. 이렇게 정해진 모델을 조절하는 parameter의 역할은 edge의 weight가 맡게되며, 가장 적절한 weight를 찾는 것이 이 수학적 모델을 train할 때의 목표가 될 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Inference via Neural Network&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;먼저 모든 paramter가 결정되었다고 가정하고 neural network가 어떻게 결과를 inference하는지 살펴보도록하자. Neural network는 먼저 주어진 input에 대해 다음 layer의 activation을 결정하고, 그것을 사용해 그 다음 layer의 activation을 결정한다. 이런 식으로 맨 마지막까지 결정을 하고 나서, 맨 마지막 decision layer의 결과를 보고 inference를 결정하는 것이다 (아래 그림 참고, 빨간 색이 activate된 뉴런이다).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-3.png&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이때, classification이라고 한다면 마지막 layer에 내가 classification하고 싶은 class 개수만큼 decision node를 만든 다음 그 중 하나 activate되는 값을 선택하는 것이다. 예를 들어 0부터 9까지 손글씨 데이터를 (MNIST라는 유명한 dataset이 있다) classification해야한다고 생각해보자. 그 경우는 0부터 9까지 decision이 총 10개이므로 마지막 decision layer에는 10개의 neuron이 존재하게 되고 주어진 데이터에 대해 가장 activation된 크기가 큰 decision을 선택하는 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;backprop&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Backpropagation Algorithm&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;마지막으로 이제 weight를 어떻게 찾을 수 있는지 weight paramter를 찾는 알고리즘에 대해 알아보자. 먼저 한 가지 알아두어야 할 점은 activation function들이 non-linear하고, 이것들이 서로 layer를 이루면서 복잡하게 얽혀있기 때문에 neural network의 weight optimization이 non-convex optimization이라는 것이다. 따라서 일반적인 경우에 neural network의 paramter들의 global optimum을 찾는 것은 불가능하다. 그렇기 때문에 보통 gradient descent 방법을 사용하여 적당한 값까지 수렴시키는 방법을 사용하게 된다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Neural network (이 글에서는 multi-layer feed-forward network)의 parameter를 update하기 위해서는 backpropagation algorithm이라는 것을 주로 사용하는데, 이는 단순히 neural network에서 gradient descent를 chain rule을 사용하여 단순화시킨 것에 지나지 않는다 (Gradient descent에 대해서는 이전에 쓴&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/63&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;Convex Optimization글&lt;/a&gt;에서 자세히 다루고 있으니 참고하면 좋을 것 같다). 모든 optimization 문제는 target function이 정의되어야 풀 수 있다. Neural network에서는 마지막 decision layer에서 우리가 실제로 원하는 target output과 현재 network가 produce한 estimated output끼리의 loss function을 계산하여 그 값을 minimize하는 방식을 취한다. 일반적으로 많이 선택하는 loss에는 다음과 같은 함수들이 있다. 이때 우리가 원하는&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;red tip&quot; title=&quot;&quot; data-toggle=&quot;tooltip&quot; data-placement=&quot;top&quot; data-original-title=&quot;만약 MNIST라면 d=10&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(160, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;d-dimensional&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;target output을&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-9-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-118&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.208em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.222em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1006.1em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-119&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-120&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-121&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-122&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-123&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-124&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-125&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-126&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-127&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-128&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-129&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-130&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-131&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-132&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.289em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로, estimated output을&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-10-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-133&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 8.008em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.9em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1006.78em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-134&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-135&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-136&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-137&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-138&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-139&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.557em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-140&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-141&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-142&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-143&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-144&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-145&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.557em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-146&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-147&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.289em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;로 정의해보자.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;sum of squares (Euclidean) loss:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-11-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-148&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.392em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.345em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.988em 1006.35em 2.651em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-149&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;munderover&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-150&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.281em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1000.99em 4.437em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-151&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Size1; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.492em; left: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-152&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;d&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.24em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.692em; left: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-153&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-154&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-155&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-156&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-157&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-158&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-159&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-160&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.557em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-161&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-162&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-163&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.68em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-164&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-165&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-166&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; 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font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.369em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-168&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.425em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.575em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hinge loss:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-14-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo movablelimits=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; form=&amp;quot;prefix&amp;quot;&gt;max&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C5;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; 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font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-305&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-306&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-307&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-310&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;⋅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-311&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-312&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.289em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo movablelimits=&quot;true&quot; form=&quot;prefix&quot;&gt;max&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋅&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, 이때&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-15-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C5;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-313&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.311em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.666em 1000.25em 2.158em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-314&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-315&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;⋅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0.146em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.289em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;⋅&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;은 내적을 의미한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;상황에 따라 조금씩 다른 loss function을 사용하지만, classification에 대해서는 보통 softmax loss가 gradient의 값이 numerically stable하기 때문에 softmax loss를 많이 사용한다. 이렇게 loss function이 주어진다면, 이 값을 주어진 paramter들에 대해 gradient를 구한 다음 그 값들을 사용해 parameter를 update하기만 하면 된다. 문제는, 일반적인 경우에 대해 이 paramter 계산이 엄청 쉬운 것만은 아니라는 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Backpropagtaion algorithm은 chain rule을 사용해 gradient 계산을 엄청 간단하게 만들어주는 알고리즘으로, 각각의 paramter의 grdient를 계산할 때 parallelization도 용이하고, 알고리즘 디자인만 조금 잘하면 memory도 많이 아낄 수 있기 때문에 실제 neural network update는 이 backpropagtaion 알고리즘을 사용하게 된다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Gradient descent method를 사용하기 위해서는 현재 parameter에 대한 gradient를 계산해야하지만, 네트워크가 복잡해지면 그 값을 바로 계산하는 것이 엄청나게 어려워진다. 그 대신 backpropataion algorithm에서는 먼저 현재 paramter를 사용하여 loss를 계산하고, 각각의 parameter들이 해당 loss에 대해 얼마만큼의 영향을 미쳤는지 chain rule을 사용하여 계산하고, 그 값으로 update를 하는 방법이다. 따라서 backpropagation algorithm은 크게 두 가지 phase로 나눌 수가 있는데, 하나는 propagation phase이며, 하나는 weight update phase이다. propagation phase에서는 training input pattern에서부터 에러, 혹은 각 뉴런들의 변화량을 계산하며, weight update phase에서는 앞에서 계산한 값을 사용해 weight를 update시킨다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h6 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.1; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Phase 1: Propagation&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Forward propagation: input training data로부터 output을 계산하고, 각 ouput neuron에서의 error를 계산한다. (input -&amp;gt; hidden -&amp;gt; output 으로 정보가 흘러가므로 ‘forward’ propagation이라 한다.)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Back propagation: output neuron에서 계산된 error를 각 edge들의 weight를 사용해 바로&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;red tip&quot; title=&quot;&quot; data-toggle=&quot;tooltip&quot; data-placement=&quot;top&quot; data-original-title=&quot;이 경우는 hidden layer가 하나이므로 hidden layer를 지칭한다.&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(160, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;이전 layer&lt;/a&gt;의 neuron들이 얼마나 error에 영향을 미쳤는지 계산한다. (output -&amp;gt; hidden 으로 정보가 흘러가므로 ‘back’ propagation이라 한다.)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;h6 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.1; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Phase 2: Weight update&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Chain rule을 사용해 paramter들의 gradient를 계산한다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이때, chain rule을 사용한다는 의미는 아래 그림에서 나타내는 것처럼, 앞에서 계산된 gradient를 사용해 지금 gradient 값을 update한다는 의미이다. (그림은 bengio의&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/dlbook/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;deep learning book&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/dlbook/mlp.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;Ch6&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;에서 가져왔다.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-6.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;두 그림 모두&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-16-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-316&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.419em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.24em 2.774em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-317&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-318&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.366em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 7.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-319&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-320&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-321&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;z&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.428em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 7.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-322&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-323&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-324&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1000.93em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.568em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.789em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 구하는 것이 목적인데, 직접 그 값을 계산하는 대신,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-17-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-325&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.496em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.5em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-326&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-327&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;layer에서 이미 계산한 derivative인&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-18-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-328&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.358em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.17em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-329&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-330&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.366em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 7.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-331&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-332&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-333&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;z&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.366em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 7.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-334&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-335&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-336&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1000.87em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;와&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-19-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-337&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.496em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.5em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-338&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-339&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;layer와&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-20-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-340&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.56em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-341&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-342&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.646em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에만 관계있는&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-21-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-343&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.419em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.927em 1001.24em 2.774em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-344&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-345&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.366em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -4.554em; left: 7.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-346&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-347&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-348&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.428em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 7.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-349&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-350&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-351&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1000.93em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.568em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 사용하여 원하는 값을 계산하고 있다. 만약&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-22-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-352&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.56em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-353&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-354&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.646em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;아래에&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-23-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi class=&amp;quot;MJX-variant&amp;quot; mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2032;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-355&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.111em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1000.93em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-356&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-357&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-358&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.369em; left: 0.557em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-359&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi class=&quot;MJX-variant&quot; mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;′&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이라는 parameter가 또 있다면,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-24-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-360&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.419em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.24em 2.774em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-361&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-362&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.366em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 7.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-363&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-364&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-365&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;z&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.428em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 7.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-366&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-367&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-368&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1000.93em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.568em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.789em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;와&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-25-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi class=&amp;quot;MJX-variant&amp;quot; mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2032;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-369&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.666em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.419em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.42em 2.774em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-370&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-371&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.428em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 9.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-372&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-373&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-374&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.99em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 9.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-375&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-376&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-377&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-378&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.184em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-379&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.11em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.568em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.789em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi class=&quot;MJX-variant&quot; mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;′&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 사용하여&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-26-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi class=&amp;quot;MJX-variant&amp;quot; mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2032;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-380&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.666em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.419em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.42em 2.774em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-381&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-382&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.366em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 9.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-383&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-384&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-385&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;z&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.99em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 9.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-386&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-387&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-388&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-389&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.184em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-390&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;′&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.11em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.568em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.789em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi class=&quot;MJX-variant&quot; mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;′&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 계산할 수 있는 것이다. 때문에 우리가 backpropagation algorithm에서 필요한 것은 내가 지금 update하려는 paramter의 바로 전 variable의 derivative와, 지금 paramter로 바로 전 variable을 미분한 값 두 개 뿐이다. 이 과정을 output layer에서부터 하나하나 내려오면서 반복된다. 즉, output -&amp;gt; hidden k, hidden k -&amp;gt; hidden k-1, … hidden 2 -&amp;gt; hidden 1, hidden 1 -&amp;gt; input의 과정을 거치면서 계속 weight가 update되는 것이다. 예를 들어서 decision layer와 가장 가까운 weight는 직접 derivative를 계산하여 구할 수 있고, 그보다 더 아래에 있는 layer의 weight는 그 바로 전 layer의 weight와 해당 layer의 activation function의 미분 값을 곱하여 계산할 수 있다. 이해가 조금 어렵다면 아래의&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/74/74#example&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;예제&lt;/a&gt;를 천천히 읽어보기를 권한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이 과정을 맨 위에서 아래까지 반복하면 전체 gradient를 구할 수 있고, 이 gradient를 사용해 parameter들을 update할 수 있다. 이렇게 한 번의 iteration이 진행되고, 충분히 converge했다고 판단할 때 까지 이런 iteration을 계속 반복하는 것이 feed-forward network의 parameter를 update하는 방법이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이를 그림으로 표현하면 아래와 같다. (출처:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/162326/drawing-back-propagation-neural-network&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;링크&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/42-1.png&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이렇듯 backpropagation은 직접 weight를 바로 변화시키는 것이 아니라 오직 error만을 보고 gradient descent method based approach를 사용해 error를 minimize하는 방향으로 계속 weight를 update시키는 것이다. 또한 한 번 error가 연산된 이후에는 output layer에서부터 그 이전 layer로 ‘역으로’ 정보가 update되기 때문에 이를 backpropagation, 한국어로는 역전사라고 하는 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;sgd&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Stochastic Gradient Descent&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Gradient를 계산했으니 이제 직접 Gradient Descent를 써서 parameter만 update하면 된다. 그러나 문제가 하나 있는데, 일반적으로 neural network의 input data의 개수가 엄청나게 많다는 것이다. 때문에 정확한 gradient를 계산하기 위해서는 모든 training data에 대해 gradient를 전부 계산하고, 그 값을 평균 내어 정확한 gradient를 구한 다음 ‘한 번’ update해야한다. 그러나 이런 방법은 너무나도 비효율적이기 때문에 Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) 라는 방법을 사용해야한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;SGD는 모든 데이터의 gradient를 평균내어 gradient update를 하는 대신 (이를 ‘full batch’라고 한다), 일부의 데이터로 ‘mini batch’를 형성하여 한 batch에 대한 gradient만을 계산하여 전체 parameter를 update한다. Convex optimization의 경우, 특정 조건이 충족되면 SGD와 GD가 같은 global optimum으로 수렴하는 것이 증명되어있지만, neural network는 convex가 아니기 때문에 batch를 설정하는 방법에 따라 수렴하는 조건이 바뀌게 된다. Batch size는 일반적으로 메모리가 감당할 수 있을 정도까지 최대한 크게 잡는 것 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;example&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Backpropagation Algorithm: example&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이전에 chain rule로 gradient를 계산한다고 언급했었는데, 실제 이 chain rule이 어떻게 적용되는지 아래의 간단한 예를 통해 살펴보도록하자. 이때 계산의 편의를 위해 각각의 neuron은 sigmoid loss를 가지고 있다고 가정하도록 하겠다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-5.png&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이때 각각의 neuron의 input으로 들어가는 값을&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-27-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-391&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.974em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.666em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1001.67em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-392&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-393&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-394&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.296em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-395&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-396&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-397&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-398&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-399&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-400&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, output으로 나가는 값을&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-28-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-401&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.651em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.281em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.358em 1002.28em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-402&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-403&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-404&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-405&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-406&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-407&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-408&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-409&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-410&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-411&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;와 같은 식으로 정의해보자 (이렇게 된다면 in과 out은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-29-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;amp;#x03C3;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-412&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.823em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.715em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1006.59em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-413&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-414&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-415&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-416&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-417&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-418&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-419&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-420&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-421&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-422&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-423&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-424&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-425&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-426&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-427&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.358em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-428&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-429&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-430&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-431&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-432&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-433&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-434&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;으로 표현 가능하다. - 이때&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-30-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;amp;#x03C3;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-435&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.62em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-436&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-437&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.646em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;는 sigmoid function). 먼저 error를 정의하자. error는 가장 간단한 sum of square loss를 취하도록 하겠다. 우리가 원하는 target을&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-31-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-438&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.373em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.358em 1000.31em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-439&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-440&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라고 정의하면 loss는&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-32-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-441&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 18.291em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 15.767em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1015.77em 2.712em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-442&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-443&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-444&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-445&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.496em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.182em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 4.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-446&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.182em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.63em; left: 4.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-447&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1000.5em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0.496em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-448&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-449&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-450&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-451&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-452&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-453&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; 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font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-477&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-478&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-479&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-480&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-481&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-482&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-483&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1000.31em 4.437em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-484&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.369em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-485&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.496em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.646em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가 될 것이다 (1/2는 미분한 값을 깔끔하게 쓰기 위해 붙인 상관없는 값이므로 무시해도 좋다). 그리고 우리가 원하는 값들은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-33-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;14&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;46&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-486&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 9.671em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 8.316em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1008.32em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-487&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-488&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-489&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-490&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-491&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-492&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-493&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-494&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-495&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-496&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; 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font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-521&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-522&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-523&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-524&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.6em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;14&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;46&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이 될 것이다. 이제 가장 먼저&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-34-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-525&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.22em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.912em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.91em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-526&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-527&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-528&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-529&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-530&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-531&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-532&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-533&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-534&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-535&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-536&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-537&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.6em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;부터 계산해보자.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MathJax_Display&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 0em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: center; position: relative; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; width: 740px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-35-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-538&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 17.244em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 14.843em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.496em 1014.78em 3.328em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-539&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-540&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.674em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1001.36em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-541&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-542&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-543&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.044em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1002.1em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.26em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-544&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-545&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-546&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-547&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-548&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-549&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-550&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-551&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-552&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.836em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.674em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1001.36em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 23.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-553&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-554&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-606&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-607&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-608&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.34em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.343em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-609&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -1.211em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 3.004em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; width: 241.406px; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;즉, 우리가 원하는 derivative를 계산하기 위해서는 세 개의 다른 derivative (&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-36-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-610&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 8.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.7em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1007.7em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-611&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-612&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-613&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-614&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-615&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-616&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-617&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-618&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-619&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-620&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-621&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-622&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-623&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-624&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)를 계산해야한다. 각각을 구하는 방법은 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-37-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-669&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.405em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1002.4em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-670&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-671&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-672&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-673&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-674&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-675&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-676&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-677&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-678&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-679&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-680&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-681&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-682&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-683&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-684&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-685&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.1em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;: error를&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; 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vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-688&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-689&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-690&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.496em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.182em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 4.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-691&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.182em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.63em; left: 4.01563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-692&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1000.5em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0.496em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-693&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-694&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-695&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-696&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-697&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-698&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-699&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-700&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-701&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-702&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-703&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-704&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-705&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; 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font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -4.369em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-730&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.496em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.646em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라고 정의했으므로,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-39-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-731&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 9.301em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 8.008em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1008.01em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-732&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-733&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-734&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-735&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-736&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-737&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-738&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-739&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-740&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-741&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-742&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-743&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-744&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-745&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-746&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-747&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.1em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-748&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-749&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-750&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-751&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-752&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-753&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-754&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-755&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-756&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-757&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-758&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-759&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-760&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-761&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이다. - 이때&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-40-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-762&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.589em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.22em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.358em 1002.22em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-763&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-764&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-765&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-766&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-767&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-768&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-769&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-770&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-771&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-772&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;와&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-41-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-773&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.358em 1000.87em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-774&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-775&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-776&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-777&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;는 weight update이전 propagation step에서 계산된 값이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-42-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-778&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.405em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.4em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-779&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-780&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-781&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-782&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-783&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-784&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-785&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-786&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-787&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-788&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-789&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-790&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-791&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-792&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-793&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-794&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-795&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-796&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-797&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-798&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-799&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-800&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-801&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.1em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-43-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-802&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.173em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.99em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-803&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-804&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-805&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-806&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;는 sigmoid activation function을 사용하므로&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-44-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;amp;#x03C3;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-807&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.639em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.592em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1006.47em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-808&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-809&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-810&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-811&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-812&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-813&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-814&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-815&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-816&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-817&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-818&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-819&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-820&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-821&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-822&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.296em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-823&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-824&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-825&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-826&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-827&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-828&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-829&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이다. 또한 sigmoid function의 미분 값은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-45-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;amp;#x03C3;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;amp;#x03C3;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;amp;#x03C3;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-830&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 11.579em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 9.978em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.865em 1009.86em 2.774em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-831&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-832&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.912em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.859em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.267em 1001.67em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -4.615em; left: 15.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-833&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-834&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-835&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-836&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-837&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-838&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.428em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 15.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-839&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-840&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-841&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.91em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.912em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-842&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-843&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-844&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-845&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-846&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-847&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-848&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-849&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-850&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-851&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-852&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-853&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-854&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.568em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.004em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;으로 주어지므로, 이 값을 대입하면&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-46-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-855&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 12.38em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 10.656em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1010.53em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-856&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-857&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-858&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-859&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-860&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-861&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-862&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-863&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-864&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-865&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-866&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-867&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-868&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-869&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-870&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-871&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-872&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-873&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-874&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-875&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-876&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-877&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-878&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.1em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-879&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-880&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-881&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-882&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-883&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-884&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-885&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-886&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-887&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-888&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-889&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-890&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-891&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-892&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-893&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-894&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-895&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-896&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-897&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-898&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-899&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-900&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-901&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가 된다. - 역시 여기에서도 미리 계산한&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-47-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-902&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.589em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.22em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.358em 1002.22em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-903&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-904&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-905&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-906&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-907&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-908&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-909&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-910&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-911&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-912&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 사용한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-48-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-913&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.466em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.1em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-914&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-915&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-916&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-917&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-918&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-919&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-920&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-921&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-922&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-923&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-924&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-925&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-926&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-927&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-928&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-929&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-930&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-931&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-932&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.79em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-49-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-933&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.173em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.99em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-934&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-935&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-936&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-937&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로 들어온 값의 총 합은 앞선 layer의 output과&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-50-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-938&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.173em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.99em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-939&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-940&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.927em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-941&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-942&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로 들어오는 weight를 곱하면 되므로&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-51-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;45&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-943&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 13.673em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 11.764em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1011.76em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-944&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-945&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-946&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.296em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-947&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-948&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-949&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-950&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-951&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-952&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-953&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-954&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-955&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-956&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-957&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-958&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-959&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-960&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-961&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-962&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-963&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-964&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-965&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-966&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-967&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-968&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-969&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-970&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-971&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-972&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-973&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-974&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-975&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-976&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-977&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-978&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-979&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-980&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-981&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-982&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;45&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이고, 이것을 통해&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-52-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-983&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 6.592em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.668em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1005.67em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-984&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-985&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-986&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-987&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-988&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-989&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-990&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-991&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-992&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-993&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-994&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-995&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-996&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-997&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-998&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-999&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1000&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1001&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1002&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.79em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1003&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1004&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1005&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1006&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1007&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1008&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1009&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1010&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1011&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1012&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가 됨을 알 수 있다. -&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-53-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1013&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.651em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.281em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.358em 1002.28em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1014&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1015&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1016&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1017&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1018&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1019&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1020&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1021&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1022&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1023&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;역시 이전 propagation에서 계산된 값이다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;따라서&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-54-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1024&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.22em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.912em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.91em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1025&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1026&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1027&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1028&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1029&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1030&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1031&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1032&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1033&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1034&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1035&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1036&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.6em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 derivative 값은 위의 세 값을 모두 곱한 것으로 계산 할 수 있다. 그림으로 표현하면 아래와 같은 그림이 될 것이다. 즉, ‘backward’ 방향으로 derivative에 대한 정보를 ‘propagation’하면서 parameter의 derivative를 계산하는 것이다. 마찬가지 방법으로&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-55-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;36&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;45&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;46&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1037&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 6.284em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.422em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1005.42em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1038&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1039&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1040&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1041&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1042&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1043&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1044&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1045&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1046&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1047&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1048&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1049&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1050&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1051&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1052&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1053&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1054&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1055&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;36&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;45&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;46&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에 대한 derivative도 계산할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-7.png&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;그럼 이번에는 그 전 layer의 paramter들 중 하나인&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-56-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1056&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.789em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.542em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1001.54em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1057&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1058&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1059&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1060&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1061&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1062&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 derivative를 계산해보자. 이번에 계산할 과정도 위와 비슷한 그림으로 표현해보면 아래와 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/images/post/74-8.png&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;그러면 이제&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-57-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1063&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.22em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.912em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.91em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1064&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1065&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1066&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1067&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1068&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1069&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1070&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1071&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1072&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1073&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1074&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1075&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.6em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 구해보자.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MathJax_Display&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 0em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: center; position: relative; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; width: 740px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-58-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1076&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 17.429em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 15.028em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.496em 1014.97em 3.328em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1077&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1078&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.674em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; 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font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1123&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1124&quot; 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font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.9em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.897em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1128&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∗&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1129&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.405em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.167em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1002.28em 4.437em -999.997em); top: -4.738em; left: 19.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1130&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1131&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1132&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1133&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.358em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1134&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.619em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1135&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1136&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1137&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1138&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1139&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.044em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1002.1em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.26em; left: 19.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1140&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1141&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1142&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1143&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1144&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1145&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1146&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.4em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.405em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1147&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -1.211em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 3.004em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; width: 244px; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;마찬가지로 각각을 구하는 방법에 대해 적어보자.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-59-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1148&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.897em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.466em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1002.47em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1149&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1150&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1151&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1152&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1153&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1002.03em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1154&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1155&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1156&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1157&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1158&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1159&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1160&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1161&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1162&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.451em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1163&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1164&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; 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vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1167&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1168&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; 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font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1172&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1173&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1174&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1175&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1180&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1181&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1182&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1183&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1184&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1185&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; 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font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-61-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1210&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.454em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.407em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1006.41em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1211&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1212&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1213&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1214&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.143em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1215&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1216&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1217&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1218&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1219&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1220&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1221&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1222&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.143em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1223&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1224&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1225&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1226&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.619em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1227&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1228&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로 decompose 하면 이 미분 식은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-62-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1229&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.084em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.099em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1006.1em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1230&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1231&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1232&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1233&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1234&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1235&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1236&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1237&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1238&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1239&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1240&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1002.03em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1241&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1242&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1243&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1244&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1245&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1246&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1247&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1248&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1249&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.451em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1250&quot; 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style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1273&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로 쓸 수 있다. 각각의 계산은 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-63-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1274&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 10.779em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 9.301em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1009.3em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1275&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1276&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1277&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1278&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1279&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1280&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1281&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1282&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1283&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1284&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1285&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1002.03em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1286&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1287&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1336&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1337&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1338&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.451em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1339&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1340&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;으로 쓸 수 있다. 이 중 앞의 값인&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-64-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1341&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.466em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.1em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1342&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1343&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1344&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1345&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1346&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1347&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1348&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1349&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1350&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1351&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1352&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1353&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1354&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1355&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1356&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1357&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1358&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1359&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1360&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1361&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1362&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.79em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;은 이미 전 과정에서 계산했던&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-65-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1363&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.405em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1002.4em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1364&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1365&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1366&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1367&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1368&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1369&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1370&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1371&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1372&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1373&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1374&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1375&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1376&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1377&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1378&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1379&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.1em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;과&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-66-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1380&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.405em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.4em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1381&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1382&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1383&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1384&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1385&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1386&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1387&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1388&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1389&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1390&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1391&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1392&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1393&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1394&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1395&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1396&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1397&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1398&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1399&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1400&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1401&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1402&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1403&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.1em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 곱으로 계산가능하다. 뒤의 값은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-67-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1404&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 6.161em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.299em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1005.3em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1405&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1406&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1407&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1408&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1409&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1410&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1411&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1412&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1413&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1414&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1415&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1416&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1002.03em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1417&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1418&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1419&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1420&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1421&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1422&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1423&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1424&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1425&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.451em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1426&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1427&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1428&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1429&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.481em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1430&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1431&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1432&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1433&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이므로 간단하게 계산할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-68-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1434&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.897em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.466em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.47em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1435&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1436&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1437&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1438&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1439&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.111em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1440&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1441&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1442&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1443&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1444&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1445&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1002.03em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1446&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1447&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1448&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1449&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1450&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1451&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1452&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1453&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1454&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.451em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1455&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1456&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;도 위와 같은 방법으로 연산이 가능하다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-69-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1457&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.897em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.466em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.47em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1458&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1459&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1002.03em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1460&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1461&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1462&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1463&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1464&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1465&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1466&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1467&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1468&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.451em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1469&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1470&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.859em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.73em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1471&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1472&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1473&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1474&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-70-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; 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position: static; width: 2.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.405em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.4em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1482&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; 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vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.97em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1484&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1485&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1486&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1487&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; 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vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1493&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1494&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1495&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1496&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1497&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1498&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1499&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1500&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1501&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1502&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1503&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1504&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.1em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;와 같다. 따라서&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-71-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1505&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 8.193em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.023em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1006.9em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1506&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1507&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1508&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1509&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1510&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1511&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1512&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1513&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1514&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1515&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1516&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1517&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1518&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1519&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1520&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1521&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1522&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1523&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1524&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1525&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.37em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1526&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1527&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1528&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.361em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-72-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1529&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.528em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.16em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1530&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1531&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.85em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.859em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.73em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 15.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1532&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1533&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1534&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1535&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1536&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1537&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; 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font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 15.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1542&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1543&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1546&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1547&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1548&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.85em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.85em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-73-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1549&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.466em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.742em 1002.1em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1550&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1551&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.67em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -4.677em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1552&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1553&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1554&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1555&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.43em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1556&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.434em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1557&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1558&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1559&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.575em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1560&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1561&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1562&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1563&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1564&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1565&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1566&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1567&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1568&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.79em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.789em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;35&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;와 같다. 따라서&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-74-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1569&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.466em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.358em 1002.1em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1570&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1571&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1572&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1573&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.988em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.205em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1574&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1575&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1576&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1577&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.19em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1578&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1579&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이렇게&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-75-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1580&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.897em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.466em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1002.47em 3.082em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1581&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1582&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1583&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1584&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1585&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.982em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1002.03em 4.498em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 17.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1586&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1587&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1588&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1589&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1590&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.25em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1591&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.249em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1592&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1593&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1594&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.451em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1595&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.311em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1596&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.16em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.925em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;h&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에서는 앞에서 계산했던 값들을 재활용하고, 아래의 값들은 activation function과 network의 topological property에 맞는 derivative를 곱하는 방식으로&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-76-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1597&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.22em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.912em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.91em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1598&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1599&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1600&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1601&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1602&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.736em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.48em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 13.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1603&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1604&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1605&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1606&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1607&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1608&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1609&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.6em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.604em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 구할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이렇듯 backpropagation algorithm은 forward propagation을 통해 필요한 값들을 미리 저장해두고, backward propagation이 진행되면서 위에서부터 loss에 대한 derivative를 하나하나 계산해나가면서 다음 layer에서 바로 전 layer에서 계산한 값들과 각 neuron 별로 추가적으로 필요한 derivative들을 곱해나가면서 weight의 derivative를 계산하는 알고리즘이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;이렇게 한 번 전체 gradient를 계산한 다음에는 learning rate를 곱하여 전체 parameter의 값을 update한 다음, 다시 처음부터 이 과정을 반복한다. 보통 에러가 감소하는 속도를 관측하면서 ‘이 정도면 converge한 것 같다’ 하는 수준까지 돌린다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;익숙해지려면 다소 시간이 걸리지만, 개념적으로 먼저 ‘error를 먼저 계산하고, 그 값을 아래로 전달해나가면서 바로 전 layer에서 계산한 미분값들을 사용해 현재 layer의 미분값을 계산한 다음, 그 값을 사용해 다음 layer의 미분값을 계산한다.’ 라고 개념만 이해해두고 다시 차근차근 chain rule을 계산해나가면서 계산하면 조금 편하게 익숙해 질 수 있을 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Backpropagation Algorithm: In Practice&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;실제 backpropagtion을 계산해야한다고 가정해보자. 편의상&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-77-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1610&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.311em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1000.25em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1611&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1612&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;번째 hidden layer를&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-78-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1613&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.87em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1614&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1615&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1616&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1617&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;이라고 해보자. 이 경우 각 layer에 대해 backpropagation algorithm을 위해 계산해야할 것은 총 두 가지 이다. Loss를&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-79-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1618&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.927em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1000.8em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1619&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1620&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;E&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라고 적었을 때 먼저 layer&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-80-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1621&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.311em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1000.25em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1622&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1623&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;l&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 parameter&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-81-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;amp;#x03B8;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1624&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.927em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1000.8em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1625&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1626&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.143em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1627&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1628&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;θ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 gradient인&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-82-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1629&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.789em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.542em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.54em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1630&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1631&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1632&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1633&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1634&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.551em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.11em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1635&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1636&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1637&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1638&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1639&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.24em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.861em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 구해야한다. 이 값은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-83-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1640&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 6.592em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.668em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.865em 1005.67em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1641&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1642&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1643&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1644&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1645&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.551em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.11em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1646&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1647&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1648&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1649&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1650&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.24em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1651&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1652&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1653&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1654&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1655&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1656&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1657&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1658&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1659&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1660&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1661&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1662&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.05em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1663&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -4.615em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1664&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1665&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1666&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1667&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1668&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1669&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1670&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.551em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.11em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1671&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1672&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1673&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1674&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1675&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1676&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1677&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.24em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 통해 계산한다. 이때,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-84-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1678&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.762em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.653em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1006.65em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1679&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1680&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1681&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1682&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1683&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1684&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1685&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1686&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1687&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1688&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1689&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1690&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.05em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1691&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1692&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1693&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1694&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1695&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1696&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1697&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1698&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.73em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.218em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이므로&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-85-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1722&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.604em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.358em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1001.36em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1723&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1724&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1725&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1726&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1727&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1728&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1729&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1730&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1731&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1732&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1733&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1734&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.05em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;은 바로 전 layer에서 넘겨준&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-86-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1735&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.405em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.035em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1002.03em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1736&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1737&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1738&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1739&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1740&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1741&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1742&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1743&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1744&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1745&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1746&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1747&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1748&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1749&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.73em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.004em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 값을 사용하여 계산하게 된다. 정리하면 실제 계산해야하는 값은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-87-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1750&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 4.621em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.944em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1003.94em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1751&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1752&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -4.615em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1753&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1754&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1755&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1756&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; 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transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1781&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1782&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1783&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1784&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.24em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;두 가지이고, 이 값들을 사용해&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-88-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1785&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 3.821em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.267em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1003.27em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1786&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1787&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.243em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1788&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1789&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1790&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1791&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1792&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1793&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1794&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1795&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.05em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1796&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1797&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.243em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.56em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1798&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.551em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.11em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1799&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1800&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1801&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1802&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1803&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1804&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1805&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.24em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 return하게 된다. 앞의 값은 다음 layer에 넘겨줘서 다음 input으로 사용하고, 두 번째 값은 저장해두었다가 gradient descent update할 때 사용한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;두 가지 예를 들어보자. 먼저 Inner Product layer 혹은 fully connected layer이다. 이 layer가 inner product layer라고 불리는 이유는 input&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-89-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1806&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.87em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1807&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1808&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1809&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1810&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에 대해 output&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-90-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1811&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.035em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1001.73em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1812&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1813&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.666em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1814&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1815&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1816&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1817&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1818&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1819&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이 간단한 inner product 들이 모여있는 형태로 표현되기 때문이다. 예를 들어&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-91-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1820&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.528em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.158em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1002.16em 2.651em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1821&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1822&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1823&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1824&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1825&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1826&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1827&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1828&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1829&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1830&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.425em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.004em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 l+1 번째 layer의 i 번째 node라고 한다면,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-92-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munder&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/munder&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1831&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 8.993em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.762em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1007.76em 2.774em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1832&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1833&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.097em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1834&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1835&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1836&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1837&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1838&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1839&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1840&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1841&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1842&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;munderover&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1843&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.419em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.082em 1000.99em 4.437em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1844&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Size1; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.692em; left: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1845&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1846&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1847&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1848&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.358em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.68em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1849&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.742em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1850&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1851&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1852&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1853&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1854&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.296em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1855&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1856&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1857&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1858&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1859&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1860&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.568em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.504em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munder&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/munder&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;j&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;으로 표현할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 그런데 이 값은 사실 vector&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-93-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1861&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0.865em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.74em 2.343em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1862&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1863&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.068em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.646em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;와&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-94-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1864&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.542em 1000.87em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1865&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1866&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1867&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1868&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1869&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1870&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0.932em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 inner product로 표현됨을 알 수 있다. 그렇기 때문에 fully connected layer를 inner product라고 부른다. 다시 본론으로 돌아와서 inner product의 output은 input과 weight의 matrix-vector multiplication인&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-95-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1871&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.084em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.099em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1006.1em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1872&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1873&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.666em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1874&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1875&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1876&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1877&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1878&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1879&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1880&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1881&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.143em 1001.05em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1882&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;W&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.126em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.927em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1883&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1884&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∗&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1885&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1886&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1887&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;으로 표현할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;따라서&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-96-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x22A4;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1888&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 5.976em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.114em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1005.11em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1889&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1890&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -4.615em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1891&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1892&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1893&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1894&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1895&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1896&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1897&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1898&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1899&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1900&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1901&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1902&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1903&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1904&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1905&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1906&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.73em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1907&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1908&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.143em 1001.05em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1909&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;W&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.126em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.62em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.369em; left: 1.111em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1910&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;⊤&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.31em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.692em; left: 0.927em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1911&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;⊤&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이고,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-97-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1912&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 4.498em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.882em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.865em 1003.88em 2.897em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1913&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1914&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.419em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -4.615em; left: 11.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1915&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1916&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1917&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1918&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1919&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1920&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1921&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.613em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.3em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 11.5156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1922&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1923&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1924&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.865em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.74em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1925&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;W&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.065em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.68em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1926&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1927&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1928&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.42em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.419em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1929&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1930&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1931&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1932&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.711em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.075em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이다. 이 값을 통해 실제 return하는 값은&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-98-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2217;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x22A4;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1933&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 8.562em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.392em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1007.39em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1934&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1935&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1936&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1937&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1938&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1939&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; 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font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1951&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1952&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.62em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.369em; left: 1.111em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1963&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;⊤&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; 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role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1965&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 7.762em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 6.653em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1006.65em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1966&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1967&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1968&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1969&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1970&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.551em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.11em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 10.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1971&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1972&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1973&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.742em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.5em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1974&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1975&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1976&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1977&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.24em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.235em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1978&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1979&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1980&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1981&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1982&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1983&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1984&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1985&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1986&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1987&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1988&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1989&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1990&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1991&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.73em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1992&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∗&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1993&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.249em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1994&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1995&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1996&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1997&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.004em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이 된다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;두 번째로 많이 사용하는 ReLU non-linearity의 gradient를 계산해보자. 이때 activation function은 마치 하나의 layer가 더 있는 것처럼 생각할 수 있다. 즉&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-100-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1998&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 8.87em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.639em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.235em 1007.51em 2.589em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-1999&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2000&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.666em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2001&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2002&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2003&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2004&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2005&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2006&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2007&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2008&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2009&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2010&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2011&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2012&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2013&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2014&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.188em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2015&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2016&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2017&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2018&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2019&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.354em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.289em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로 표현할 수 있을 것이다. Parameter는 없으니까 생략하면 만약&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-101-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2265;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2020&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 3.143em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.712em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1002.65em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2021&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2022&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2023&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2024&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2025&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2026&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2027&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;≥&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2028&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라면&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-102-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2029&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 2.651em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.281em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1002.28em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2030&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2031&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.974em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -4.615em; left: 16.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2032&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2033&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2034&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2035&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2036&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2037&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2038&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2039&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2040&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.921em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.79em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 16.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2041&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2042&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2043&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2044&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2045&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2046&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2047&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2048&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2049&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.97em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.974em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이고, 아니라면 0이 될 것이다. 따라서&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-103-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2265;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2050&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 3.143em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.712em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.296em 1002.65em 2.528em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2051&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2052&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.804em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.39em 1000.5em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2053&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.876em; left: 0.496em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2054&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2055&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2056&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2057&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;≥&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2058&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.282em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 1.146em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라면&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax_Preview&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MathJax&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Element-104-Frame&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x2202;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: normal; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; transition: none; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;math&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2059&quot; role=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 5.422em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.683em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(1.05em 1004.68em 2.959em -999.997em); top: -2.152em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2060&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2061&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2062&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2063&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2064&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 8.51563px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2065&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2066&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2067&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.557em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2068&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2069&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2070&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2071&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.05em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.05em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2072&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mfrac&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2073&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.311em; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0.126em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.49em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1000.93em 4.19em -999.997em); top: -4.43em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2074&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2075&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2076&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;E&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.797em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.328em 1001.6em 4.375em -999.997em); top: -3.568em; left: 14.0156px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2077&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2078&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msubsup&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2079&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.173em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(3.513em 1000.37em 4.313em -999.997em); top: -3.999em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2080&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;y&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.4817px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; top: -3.815em; left: 0.373em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;texatom&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2081&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrow&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2082&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mi&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2083&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mo&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2084&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mn&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-2085&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline; position: static;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 4.006em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; position: absolute; clip: rect(0.804em 1001.73em 1.235em -999.997em); top: -1.29em; left: 0.003em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0.003em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 1.727em; height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.24px; vertical-align: 0px; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; width: 0px; height: 2.158em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: -0.782em; transition: none; display: inline-block; position: static; overflow: hidden; width: 0px; height: 2.004em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); -webkit-user-select: none; position: static; display: inline; transition: none; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이 되고, 0보다 작다면 0이 될 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;정리&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Deep learning을 다루기 위해서는 가장 먼저 aritifitial neural network의 model에 대한 이해와 gradient descent라는 update rule에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 이 글에서는 가장 기초적이라고 생각하는 feed-forward network의 model을 먼저 설명하고, paramter를 update하는 gradient descent algorithm의 일종인 backpropagation에 대한 개념적인 설명을 다루었다. 조금 어려울 수 있는 내용이니 다른 글들을 계속 참고하면서 보면 좋을 것 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.5em 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 500; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 31.5px; font-size: 1.5em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/dlbook/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;Deep Learning, Yoshua Bengio and Ian J. Goodfellow and Aaron Courville, Book in preparation for MIT Press, 2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;wiki (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Artificial_Neural_Networks&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;링크&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://courses.cs.tau.ac.il/Caffe_workshop/Bootcamp/pdf_lectures/Lecture%203%20CNN%20-%20backpropagation.pdf&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);&quot;&gt;Caffe workshop - CNN backpropagation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;출처 :&amp;nbsp;http://sanghyukchun.github.io/&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝/딥러닝</category>
      <author>@위너스</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/30</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/30#entry30comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 6 Jul 2016 20:14:17 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>데이터중심적(data-driven) 의사결정의 12가지 특징</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/29</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;Data-driven marketing, Data-driven decision making,&amp;nbsp;데이터
중심적 사고 등 데이터를 중심으로 사고하는 것에 대한 중요성이 &amp;nbsp;Business World를 중심으로 급격히 성장하고 있다. 따라서
다양한 분야에서 스스로가 데이터 중심의 사고를 하고 있는지 점검하고, 이를 강화하는 방법이 있는지에 대해 궁금해 하는 사람들이 많을 것이다.
이번 포스팅에서 소개하는 글은 Data-driven의 특성을 정의하고, 사례와 인용을 통해 각각의 특성들이 실제 비즈니스에서 어떻게 응용
되는지 소개하고 있다. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/07/are-you-data-driven-take-a-har/&quot;&gt;원문&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:
15.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold&quot;&gt;당신은 데이터 중심적(data driven)인가?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;데이터 중심적 (data driven) 이라는 용어는 오늘날 가장 부각되는 어휘이다. Data Driven은
필자의 최근 저서의 이름이기도 하며, 최근의&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hbr.org/2012/10/big-data-the-management-revolution/ar/1&quot;&gt;학술 연구&lt;/a&gt;들은
스스로를 “data driven” 이라고 언급하는 회사들이 그렇지 않은 회사들에 비해 수익성이 좋다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 데이터
중심적으로 변화하는 것은 노력할 만한 가치가 있는 일이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;지금까지의 노력에도 불구하고, 필자도 아직 리더가 자신의 조직이 더 잘하기 위해 필요한 것을 발견할 수 있는
벤치마크나 기준을 찾지 못했다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;개인적으로 “data-driven”의 핵심은 조직의 차트를 오르고 내리게 만드는 의사결정을 더욱 잘하게 만드는
데 있다고 본다. 몇 년전, 운 좋게도 많은 의사 결정자 및 의사 결정 그룹과 일할 기회가 있었다. 그들 중 몇몇은 훌륭한반면, 몇몇은
끔찍했지만, 그 일을 하면서, “data-driven의 12가지 특성”을 도출할 수 있었다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/261B8C4954FEA9F62F&quot; width=&quot;336&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; filename=&quot;scientist_number.jpg&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0.25px; font-family: &amp;quot;KoPubDotum Roboto&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, KoPubDotumP, KoPub돋움체_Pro, KoPubDotum, KoPub돋움체, NanumBarunGothicOTF, NanumBarunGothic, 나눔바른고딕, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;맑은 고딕&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Hiragino Sans&amp;quot;, Meiryo, Dotum, 돋움, sans-serif; line-height: 0px; background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102);&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold&quot;&gt;데이터 중심적 (Data-Driven) 사고를 하는
사람들의 특성&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
 margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;가능한 가장 낮은 단계에서 의사 결정을
     수행&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;가능한한 여러 상황의 다양한 데이터를
     수집&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;깊이 이해할 수 있도록 데이터를 발전&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;변화에 대한 인지의 발전&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;불확실성에 대한 합리적 처리&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;데이터와 그 영향을 이해하는 능력과
     직관의 통합&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;High-quality 데이터와 이를
     개선하기 위한 투자의 중요성에 대한 인식&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;훌륭한 실험자 및 연구자의 자질&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;의사 결정의 기준이 상황에 따라 변할
     수 있다는 점에 대한 인식&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;의사 결정은 단지 첫 단추에 불과하다는
     점의 인식&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;새로운 스킬, 새로운 데이터, 새로운
     기술 (빅데이터, 예측 모델, 메타데이터 관리 등)을 조직 내 주입하기 위한 노력&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li style=&quot;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;실수로 부터의 배움&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;이 모든 특성들은 중요하다. 대부분은 그 이유가 자명하지만, 몇몇은 추가적인 설명이 필요하다. 첫번째는 데이터
중심의 회사가 가장 낮은 단계에서 의사 결정을 해야한다는 것이다. 필자와 대화를 나눈 한 임원은 이에 대해 다음과 같이 설명했다. “내 목표는
일년에 6개의 결정만 하는 것 입니다. 이는 내가 가장 중요한 6개를 골라내야 한다는 것이고, 나에게 보고하는 사람은 반드시 데이터와 이에
대한 확신을 갖고 있어야 하며, 그들은 나머지에 대한 의사 결정을 해야 합니다.” 조직 하부에서 의사 결정하는 것을 유도하면 고위직은 가장
중요한 의사 결정을 하는데 필요한 시간을 확보할 수 있다. 또 중요한 것은 하급 직원들에게 의사 결정 권한이 떨어지면, 그들이 이를 위해 더
많은 시간과 관심을 쏟는다는 점이다. 이는 조직적 역량을 올바르게 강화시키고, 업무 환경을 보다 즐겁게 만든다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;두번째, 데이터 중심적 사고를 하는 사람들은 변화에 대한 타고난 감각을 갖고 있다. 가장 단순한 프로세스,
사람들의 응답, 또는 가장 통제 되는 상황조차도 달라진다. 그들은 관리도를 이용하지 않지만, 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 이해하려면 변화를
이해해야 한다는 점을 알고 있다. 한 중간급 관리자는 이를 다음과 같이 설명했다. “제가 첫 관리 업무를 맡았을때, 저는 결과물을 놓고 매주
고뇌했습니다. 몇주는 약간 올랐지만, 나머지는 다 하락 했습니다. 저는 상승에 대한 공을 차지하고자 노력했고, 침체가 되면 또 괴로워했습니다.
제 상사는 저에게 이를 그만두라고 했습니다. 확실히 상황은 악화 되었습니다. 모든 것들은 요동친다는 것을 배우는 데는 오랜 시간이
걸렸습니다.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;세번째, 데이터 중심적 사람들은 데이터와 데이터 소스에 대한 높은 수요가 있을 때에 존재한다. 그들은 그들이
내린 결정이 기반이 된 데이터보다 낫지 않다는 것을 안다. 따라서 데이터의 품질과 믿을 만한 데이터 소스를 만드는데 투자한다. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.hbr.org/2012/03/demand-the-right-right-data/&quot;&gt;참고&lt;/a&gt;) 그 결과,
시간에 민감한 이슈가 발생했을 때를 대비한 준비가 되어 있다. 고품질의 데이터는 다양성을 이해하는 것과 불확실성을 감소시키는 것을 쉽게
해준다. 성공은 실행에 의해 측정 되고 고품질 데이터를 통해 직원들이 의사 결정자의 논리를 이해하고 쉽게 따르게 만든다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;더 나아가, 한 번의 실행은 더 많은 데이터를 얻게 한다. 따라서 데이터 중심적 사람들은 지속적으로 그들의
결정을 재평가하고, 정제한다. 특히 이들은 의사 결정이 틀렸다는 증거가 제시 될 때, 다른 사람들보다 빠르게 대응한다. 이는 데이터 중심적
사람들이 급회전을 한다는 것을 의미하진 않는다. 그들은 결정이 지속 가능하지 않다는 것을 안다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2521ED4854FEAA0D23&quot; width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;355&quot; filename=&quot;mirror.jpg&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0.25px; font-family: &amp;quot;KoPubDotum Roboto&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, KoPubDotumP, KoPub돋움체_Pro, KoPubDotum, KoPub돋움체, NanumBarunGothicOTF, NanumBarunGothic, 나눔바른고딕, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;맑은 고딕&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Hiragino Sans&amp;quot;, Meiryo, Dotum, 돋움, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 0px; background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102);&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;이제 거울을 들여다보자. 상단의 리스트를 들여다보고 각각의 특성에 대해 점수를 매겨보자. 정기적으로 잘 따르는
항목은 1점, 전부는 아니지만 대부분 따르는 항목은 0.5점. 한 두번 한 것이라면 점수를 주면 안된다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;만약 당신이 7점 미만이라면, 더 올려야 할 필요가 있다. 각각의 사람이나 조직은 서로 다르기 떄문에 의사
결정을 조직의 하부로 보내는 것부터 시작하기를 추천한다. 이에 따른 이익은 이미 언급하였다. 모든 것을 제어하고 싶어하는 매니저들에겐 아마
매우 힘들고 반직관적일 것이다. 하지만 충분히 시도할 가치가 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;둘째로 고품질의 데이터에 투자해라. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.hbr.org/2012/11/manage-data-with-organizationa/&quot;&gt;참고&lt;/a&gt;) 실로
당신의 데이터와 그 출처에 대한 높은 신뢰가 없다면 데이터 중심의 사고를 할 수 없다. 당신의 직관을 반으로 감소시키는 것을 목표로 해라.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;마지막 한단계는 스스로를 들여다보는 것이다. 당신의 조직을 위해 똑같은 일을 하는 팀을 참여 시켜라.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt;text-align:right&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;Harvard Business Review&amp;gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;













































&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;line-height:21pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;;
font-size:12.0pt&quot;&gt;출처 :&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eunwoopark.com/wp/category/bigdata/&quot;&gt;http://eunwoopark.com/wp/category/bigdata/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;: 사라짐.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>데이터 사이언트</category>
      <author>@위너스</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/29</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/29#entry29comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Mon, 4 Jul 2016 19:05:20 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>(번역) 서버리스 아키텍처</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/28</link>
      <description>&lt;div class=&quot;row&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;page-header entry-title&quot;&gt;&lt;h1&gt;(번역) 서버리스 아키텍처&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry-meta&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;text-right&quot;&gt;출처 : http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;text-right&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;text-right&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyphicon glyphicon-folder-open&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;padding-left-narrow&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/category/ko/&quot; rel=&quot;category tag&quot;&gt;한국어&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; |                     &lt;span class=&quot;glyphicon glyphicon-tags&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;padding-left-narrow&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/tag/architecture/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Architecture&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/tag/aws-lambda/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;AWS Lambda&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/tag/azure-functions/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Azure Functions&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/tag/faas/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;FaaS&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/tag/serverless/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Serverless&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/tag/translation/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Translation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/tag/weird-meetup/&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Weird Meetup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; |                    Posted on Jun 23, 2016 20:00 by &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/author/aliencubeorg/&quot;&gt;Justin Yoo&lt;/a&gt; |                     &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;glyphicon glyphicon-link&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                                     &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;row&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry-content&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;이 글은 &lt;a href=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/&quot;&gt;마틴 파울러의 웹사이트&lt;/a&gt;에 올라온 &lt;a href=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless.html&quot;&gt;Serverless Architectures&lt;/a&gt;을 번역한 글입니다. 원문이 계속 업데이트 되기 때문에 번역본과 원문을 함께 보시면 더욱 도움이 될 겁니다. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;row&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6&quot;&gt;2016년 6월 17일&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;120&quot; class=&quot;img-responsive center-block&quot; src=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless/mike.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/mikebroberts&quot;&gt;마이크 로버츠 Mike Roberts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;마이크는 뉴욕에 사는 엔지니어링 리더이다. 요즘엔 팀 매니지먼트가 주요 업무이긴 하지만 여전히 클로주어 Clojure 쪽에서 코딩도 하고 소프트웨어 아키텍처 쪽에서도 활발한 의견 개진을 하고 있다. 그는 지금 사람들이 서버리스 아키텍처에 대해 주목하는 현상에 대해 꽤 긍정적이다.&lt;br /&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;아래 태그들을 통해 &lt;strong&gt;비슷한 문서들&lt;/strong&gt;을 찾을 수 있다:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/tags/application%20architecture.html&quot;&gt;application architecture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6&quot;&gt;목차&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#what-is-serverless&quot;&gt;서버리스란 무엇인가?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#a-couple-of-examples&quot;&gt;몇가지 예제&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#ui-driven-applications&quot;&gt;UI 주도 애플리케이션&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#message-driven-applications&quot;&gt;메시지 주도 애플리케이션&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#unpacking-function-as-a-service&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Function as a Service&lt;/code&gt; 뒤집어보기&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#state&quot;&gt;상태&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#execution-duration&quot;&gt;실행 기간&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#startup-latency&quot;&gt;초기 실행 지연&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#api-gateway&quot;&gt;API 게이트웨어&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#tooling&quot;&gt;도구들&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#open-source&quot;&gt;오픈소스&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#what-isnt-serverless&quot;&gt;서버리스가 아닌 것은?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#comparison-with-paas&quot;&gt;PaaS와 비교&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#noops&quot;&gt;#NoOps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.aliencube.org/ko/2016/06/23/serverless-architectures/#stored-procedure-as-a-service&quot;&gt;Stored Procedures as a Service&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;는 요즘 소프트웨어 아키텍처 세상에서는 아주 핫한 토픽입니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://leanpub.com/serverless&quot;&gt;책들도&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1680501496?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=martinfowlerc-20&amp;amp;linkCode=as2&amp;amp;camp=1789&amp;amp;creative=9325&amp;amp;creativeASIN=1680501496&quot;&gt;나왔고&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/serverless/serverless&quot;&gt;오픈소스 프레임워크도 있고&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/lambda/&quot;&gt;수많은&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://cloud.google.com/functions/docs/&quot;&gt;벤더들이&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/functions/&quot;&gt;프레임워크를&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/bluemix/openwhisk/&quot;&gt;내놨죠&lt;/a&gt;. 게다가 아예 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;만을 주제로 하는 &lt;a href=&quot;http://serverlessconf.io/&quot;&gt;컨퍼런스&lt;/a&gt;까지 생겼습니다. 그런데, 도대체 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;가 뭘까요? 그리고 어째서 이 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;를 고려해야 (혹은 고려하지 말아야) 할까요? 이 &lt;a href=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/bliki/EvolvingPublication.html&quot;&gt;계속 업데이트 되는 문서&lt;/a&gt;를 통해 저는 당신이 이러한 질문들에 대한 답을 구할 수 있는 빛을 찾기를 바랍니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;what-is-serverless&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;서버리스란 무엇인가?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;소프트웨어 업계에서 늘상 그렇듯이, &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;에 대한 명확한 관점은 없습니다. 그리고 아래 두 가지의 다르지만 겹치는 부분이 있는 이러한 견해들 역시도요:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;는 서버단 로직이나 상태 등을 관리하기 위한 써드파티 애플리케이션 혹은 클라우드 서비스에 현저히 또는 온전히 의존하는 애플리케이션들을 설명하기 위해 쓰였습니다. 주로 &lt;code&gt;리치 클라이언트&lt;/code&gt; 애플리케이션(예를 들자면 단일 페이지 웹 애플리케이션이나 모바일 앱 같은 것들)을 가리키는데, 클라우드에서 접근 가능한 &lt;code&gt;Parse&lt;/code&gt;나 &lt;code&gt;Firebase&lt;/code&gt; 같은 데이터베이스라든가, &lt;code&gt;Auth0&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;AWS Cognito&lt;/code&gt; 같은 인증 서비스들 같은 거대한 생태계를 사용하는 것들입니다. 예전에는 이러한 서비스들을 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_backend_as_a_service&quot;&gt;(Mobile) Backend as a Service&lt;/a&gt;라고 불렀으니, 여기에서는 이들을 그냥 &lt;code&gt;BaaS&lt;/code&gt;라고 부르도록 하죠.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;또한 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;는 개발자들이 서버단 로직을 개발자들이 짜긴 하지만, 전통적인 아키텍처와는 달리 상태를 저장하지 않는 Stateless 컴퓨팅 컨테이너에 넣고 돌리는 애플리케이션을 의미하기도 합니다. 이러한 애플리케이션은 보통 이벤트 기반으로 작동하고, 한 번 쓰고 버리고, 써드파티에 의해 관리되죠(ThoughWorks는 최근 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thoughtworks.com/radar/techniques/serverless-architecture&quot;&gt;자사 포스트&lt;/a&gt;에서 이렇게 정의했습니다). 이런 방식으로 생각해 볼 수 있는 한가지 방법은 &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/marak/status/736357543598002176&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Functions as a Service(또는 FaaS)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;입니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/lambda/&quot;&gt;AWS 람다&lt;/a&gt;는 현재 이 FaaS계의 가장 인기있는 구현체지요. 하지만 다른 것들도 더 있습니다. 여기서는 바로 이 &lt;code&gt;FaaS&lt;/code&gt;를 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;의 의미로 사용하도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;저는 주로 두 번째 얘기를 할텐데요, 조금 더 새롭기도 하고 우리가 흔히 기술적인 아키텍처에 대해 생각하는 것과 현격한 차이가 있기도 합니다. 게다가 요즘 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;라는 것에 대한 수많은 얘기들이 오고가기 때문이기도 하구요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;하지만, 이러한 개념들이 사실은 모두 관련이 있고 하나로 모여들고 있습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://auth0.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Auth0&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;가 하나의 좋은 예가 될 수 있겠네요. 처음에 BaaS 형태인 &lt;code&gt;Authentication as a Service&lt;/code&gt;로 시작했다가 지금은 &lt;a href=&quot;https://webtask.io/&quot;&gt;Auth0 Webtask&lt;/a&gt;를 통해 FaaS 영역으로 들어왔습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;게다가 &lt;code&gt;BaaS 형태의&lt;/code&gt; 애플리케이션을 개발하는 많은 경우, 특히 모바일 앱과 반대로 &lt;code&gt;리치&lt;/code&gt; 웹 앱을 개발하는 경우, 어느 정도 서버단의 커스텀 기능들이 여전히 필요합니다. 특히 당신이 사용하고 있는 BaaS 서비스와 어느 정도 통합을 한다면 FaaS 가 이런 경우 좋은 솔루션이 될 수 있습니다. 이러한 기능들의 좋은 예로는 데이터 유효성 검사(악성 클라이언트로부터 보호하기 위한)라든가 많은 계산 용량을 필요로 하는 작업들(이미지나 비디오 프로세싱 같은 것들)이 있겠지요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;a-couple-of-examples&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;몇 가지 예제&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;ui-driven-applications&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;UI 주도 애플리케이션&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;서버단에 로직이 있는 전통적인 쓰리티어 클라이언트 시스템을 봅시다. 전자상거래 시스템들 같은 것이 좋은 예가 되겠네요. 예를 들자면 온라인 애완동물 용품 사이트 같은 것.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;전통적으로 이런 아키텍처는 이런 식으로 생겼습니다. 서버단에 자바로 구현했고, 클라이언트단에는 HTML과 자바스크립트로 구현하죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;img-responsive center-block&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless/ps.svg&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이런 아키텍처에서 클라이언트는 상대적으로 그닥 똑똑하지 않습니다. 대부분의 로직들 – 인증, 페이지 네비게이션, 검색, 트랜잭션 등은 서버단에서 구현을 해놨으니까요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 아키텍처에서는 이렇게 보일 겁니다:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;img-responsive center-block&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless/sps.svg&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;엄청나게 간단하게 그린 모델인데요, 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 수많은 변화들이 일어난 것을 볼 수 있습니다. 여기서 잠깐! 이건 단순히 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 개념을 보여주기 위한 도구로서 만든 그림이지 이게 이런 식으로 아키텍처를 이전해야 한다고 추천하는 건 아니라는 것을 기억해 두세요!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;최초 애플리케이션에서 인증 로직 부분을 빼고 써드파티 BaaS 서비스로 교체했습니다.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;또다른 BaaS의 예로, 상품 리스트 출력을 위해서 클라이언트단이 직접 데이터베이스를 접속하게 했습니다. 이 데이터베이스는 AWS의 Dynamo DB 같이 전적으로 써드파티 데이터베이스가 됩니다. 클라이언트단에서 데이터베이스에 접속할 수 있는 다른 보안 프로파일을 적용하는 방식으로 다른 서버 리소스에서도 데이터베이스에 접근할 수 있게도 할 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;앞서 언급한 두 가지 포인트는 굉장히 중요한 이 세번째 포인트를 암시합니다 – 쇼핑몰 서버단에 있던 로직들이 이제는 클라이언트단으로 옮겨갔다는 거죠. 예를 들자면 사용자 세션 추적이라든가, 페이지 네비게이션 같은 애플리케이션의 UX 구조를 이해하는 로직이라든가 데이터베이스에서 읽어들인 자료를 사용자 뷰에 맞는 형식으로 변환하는 것들이라든가 하는 것들 말입니다. 이렇게 되면 사실 클라이언트단은 이제 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application&quot;&gt;단일 페이지 애플리케이션&lt;/a&gt;이 되는 셈입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;UX관련 기능들중 어떤 것들은 서버단에 계속 두고 싶을 거예요. 예를 들자면 많은 계산 용량을 필요로 한다든가 대용량 데이터에 접근을 해야 한다든가 하는 것들이죠. &lt;code&gt;검색&lt;/code&gt; 기능을 예로 들 수 있을텐데요, 검색 기능을 위해서 항상 서버를 돌리기 보다는 API 게이트웨이(나중에 다시 설명합니다)를 이용한 FaaS 펑션을 구현해서 HTTP 리퀘스트에 응답하게끔 하면 됩니다. 그렇게 함으로써 우리는 클라이언트단과 서버단에 기능을 두고 상품 데이터가 있는 같은 데이터베이스에서 읽어들이게 할 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;원래 서버단 기능들을 자바로 구현했고, 이 포스트에서 선택한 FaaS 제공자로서 AWS 람다 서비스를 자바를 지원하기 때문에, 온라인 쇼핑몰의 검색 기능 관련 코드를 서버단에서 람다로 코드를 다시 쓰지 않고도 쉽게 옮길 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;마지막으로 &lt;code&gt;상품구매&lt;/code&gt; 기능을 다른 FaaS 펑션으로 대체할 수 있습니다. 보안상의 이유로 클라이언트단으로 옮기기 보다는 서버단에 이 기능들을 놓는 것이 낫기 때문입니다. 물론 API 게이트웨이를 그 앞에 놓았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;message-driven-applications&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;메시지 주도 애플리케이션&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;다른 예를 하나 더 들자면 백엔드에서 돌아가는 데이터 프로세싱 서비스가 될 겁니다. 지금 당신이 사용자 중심의 애플리케이션을 하나 개발하고 있다고 치죠. 이 애플리케이션은 UI 리퀘스트에 재빨리 반응을 해야 합니다. 하지만 동시에 현재 일어나는 모든 종류의 액티비티들을 로그로 저장하고 싶어합니다. 온라인 광고 시스템을 한 번 생각해 봅시다 – 사용자가 광고를 클릭할 때 사용자를 재빨리 해당 광고의 타겟으로 보내고 싶습니다. 동시에 사용자 클릭이 발생했다는 것을 잡아내서 광고주에게 과금할 수 있어야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;전통적으로 이런 아키텍처는 보통 &lt;code&gt;광고 서버&lt;/code&gt;가 동기적으로 사용자에게 반응(여기서는 그 반응이 어떤 것인지에 대해서는 상관하지 않습니다)하는 동시에 채널을 통해 메시지를 보내서 비동기적으로 &lt;code&gt;클릭 프로세서&lt;/code&gt;를 실행시켜 데이터베이스를 업데이트합니다. 데이터베이스 업데이트에는 광고주 예산에서 광고만큼 금액을 집행하는 것들이 있을 수 있겠죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;img-responsive center-block&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless/cp.svg&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;그런데, &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 세상에서는 위의 모델이 아래와 같이 바뀝니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;img-responsive center-block&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless/scp.svg&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;앞서 예를 든 것과는 차이가 그렇게 많이 나는 것처럼 보이지는 않네요. 우리는 여기서 계속 돌아가는 서버단의 프로세스를 이벤트 주도 형태의 콘텍스트 안에서 돌아가는 FaaS로 바꿨습니다. FaaS 서비스 제공자는 우리에게 서로 연결되어 있는 메시지 브로커(Message Broker)와 FaaS 환경을 제공합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;또한 이 FaaS 환경은 동시에 일어나는 클릭들도 펑션 코드를 클릭 이벤트 숫자에 맞게 감지해서 처리합니다. 기존 애플리케이션의 프로세스에 이런 병렬코드 진행 부분이 없었다면 이 새로운 개념을 적용시켜야 할 수도 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;unpacking-function-as-a-service&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;code&gt;Function as a Service&lt;/code&gt; 뒤집어보기&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;우리는 이미 FaaS에 대해 여러번 언급을 해 왔습니다. 이제부터는 도대체 그게 뭔지 좀 더 파고 들어갈 때가 됐습니다. 우선 아마존의 람다 서비스에 대한 설명을 좀 보도록 하죠. 번호를 군데군데 매겨놨는데요, 잠시 후에 설명하도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;AWS 람다는 서버를 만든다거나 관리할 필요 없이 당신의 코드를 실행시킬 수 있다. (1) … 람다와 함께라면 당신은 어떤 형태의 애플리케이션이나 백엔드 서비스에서도 코드를 돌릴 수 있다. (2) – 관리 비용은 전혀 필요가 없다. 그저 당신의 코드를 업로드하면 람다가 실행에 필요한 모든 것들을 알아서 관리해 주고 (3), 필요하면 스케일링도 해주면서 (4) 계속 높은 가용성을 유지시켜 준다. 당신은 다른 AWS 서비스로부터 자동으로 트리거링을 받게끔 코드를 작성할 수도 있고 (5) 어떤 웹이나 모바일 앱등에서도 이를 직접 호출하여 실행시킬 수 있다. (6) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;기본적으로 FaaS는 당신이 서버 시스템들 없이 또는 서버 애플리케이션 없이 백엔드 코드를 실행시키는 것입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code&gt;서버 애플리케이션&lt;/code&gt;이라는 구절이 바로 핵심적인 차이인데, 이것은 다른 현대적인 아키텍처의 흐름, 컨테이너라든가 PaaS(Platform as a Service) 등을 의미합니다. &lt;p&gt;만약 다시 위의 클릭 처리 예제로 돌아간다면, FaaS는 클릭 처리를 담당하는 서버(물리적 머신일 수도 있지만 어쨌거나 실제 그 용도로 쓰이는 애플리케이션)를 서버 프로비저닝이 필요하거나 항상 돌아가야 하는 애플리케이션이 아닌 다른 무언가로 바꾸는 것입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;FaaS는 굳이 특정 프레임워크나 라이브러리에 의존해서 코딩하는 것을 필요로 하지 않습니다. FaaS 펑션은 아무 언어 혹은 환경에서도 작동하는 하나의 애플리케이션입니다. 예를 들어, AWS 람다 펑션은 자바스크립트라든가, 파이쎤 혹은 자바, 클로저, 스칼라 등의 아무 JVM 언어들로 구현할 수 있습니다. 또한 당신의 람다 펑션은 설치 아티팩트와 함께 묶여있기만 한다면 다른 프로세스를 통해서 아무 언어나 실행시킬 수 있습니다. 유닉스 혹은 리눅스 환경에서 컴파일이 가능하다면 말이죠(나중에 &lt;code&gt;Apex&lt;/code&gt;를 다뤄보겠습니다). FaaS 펑션은 상태라든가 굉장히 제한적인 아키텍처를 갖고 있습니다. 상태라든가 실행 시간 같은 것들을 고려해야 한다면 말이지요. 이건 잠시 후에 다시 설명하기로 하죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;다시 앞서의 클릭 프로세스로 돌아가 봅시다. FaaS로 옮겨갈 때 코드를 변경해야 하는 유일한 부분은 바로 &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; 메소드 혹은 &lt;code&gt;startup&lt;/code&gt; 코드 부분입니다. 이 부분은 필요가 없고, 대신 최상위 계층의 (&lt;code&gt;메시지 리스너 인터페이스&lt;/code&gt;를 구현한) 메시지 핸들러로 변경하면 됩니다. 이 부분이 유일한 코드 변경점이죠. 코드의 나머지 부분은 (예를 들어 데이터베이스에 접근한다든가 하는 부분) FaaS 세상에서도 변함없이 똑같습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;이제 우리는 실행시킬 서버 애플리케이션이 없습니다. 그래서 설치 과정 역시도 전통적인 애플리케이션과 굉장히 달라지게 됩니다. 그저 코드를 FaaS 제공자로 업로드하면 나머지는 그쪽에서 다 알아서 하게 되죠. 지금 현재로서는 이것은 새로 수정한 코드 혹은 새로 만든 코드를 &lt;code&gt;.zip&lt;/code&gt; 파일 혹은 &lt;code&gt;JAR&lt;/code&gt; 파일로 묶어서 올리는 것을 의미하구요, 개별 FaaS 서비스 제공자의 내부 API를 통해 이 수정 사항을 실행시키게끔 호출하는 것으로 보면 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;수평적 스케일링은 이제 완전히 자동화가 됐구요, 서비스 제공자가 다 알아서 합니다. 만약에 당신의 시스템이 100개의 리퀘스트를 동시에 처리해야 한다면, 내 쪽에서 별도의 설정 같은 것을 하지 않아도 서비스 제공자가 알아서 다 합니다. 이렇게 당신의 펑션을 실행하는 &lt;code&gt;컴퓨팅 컨테이너&lt;/code&gt;는 일시적으로 FaaS 제공자가 관리하고 파기하는 형태여서 순전히 런타임에서만 잠깐 필요한 정도가 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;다시 우리의 클릭 프로세서 예제로 돌아가보죠. 사용자가 평소보다 한 열 배 정도는 광고 클릭을 더 많이 한다고 가정해 봅시다. 기존의 클릭 프로세싱 애플리케이션은 이걸 처리할 수 있을까요? 다시 말해서 당신의 코드는 한 번에 여러 개의 메시지를 처리할 수 있을까요? 심지어 우리가 할 수 있다고 해도 애플리케이션의 실행 인스턴스가 하나만 있다면 이걸 감당할 만큼 충분할까요? 만약 다중 프로세스를 돌릴 수 있다면 우리는 이걸 자동으로 오토 스케일링 설정을 해 놓아야 할까요 아니면 수동으로 그때그때 설정해야 할까요? FaaS라면 당신은 그저 펑션을 작성할 때 병렬 프로그래밍을 가정하고 작성하면 됩니다. 그러면 FaaS 제공자는 스케일링이 필요할 경우 알아서 다 해주죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;FaaS에 있는 펑션들은 서비스 제공자가 정의한 이벤트 타입에 의해 실행될 수 있습니다. 아마존 AWS의 경우에는 S3 파일 업로드 이번트, 스케줄링 작업에 따른 시간, &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/kinesis/&quot;&gt;Kinesis&lt;/a&gt;와 같은 메시지 버스에 메시지가 추가되는 이벤트 같은 것들이 있습니다. 이럴 경우 당신의 펑션은 보통 연결되어 있는 특정 이벤트에 대응하는 파라미터 값들을 제공해야 합니다. 예시로 든 클릭 프로세서의 경우에는 이미 FaaS에 대응하는 메시지 브로커를 사용하고 있다고 가정합니다. 만약 그렇지 않다면 바꿔야 하구요, 이 경우에는 메시지 생성하는 로직을 수정할 필요가 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;대부분의 서비스 제공자들은 펑션들이 HTTP 리퀘스트에 응답을 보내게끔 구현되어 있습니다. 예를 들자면 API 게이트웨이 같은 형식으로 말이지요. 이런 것들에는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/api-gateway/&quot;&gt;AWS API 게이트웨이&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://webtask.io/&quot;&gt;Webtask&lt;/a&gt; 등이 있습니다. 우리는 앞서 예시로 든 애완동물 온라인 쇼핑몰에서 &lt;code&gt;검색&lt;/code&gt; 기능과 &lt;code&gt;구매&lt;/code&gt; 기능에 이용하고 있죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;state&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;상태&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;FaaS 펑션을 내 로컬 머신 혹은 로컬 인스턴스에서 돌릴 때는 굉장히 제한적입니다. 즉, 어떤 펑션을 실행시킬 때 당신이 생성한 어떤 프로세스 혹은 호스트 상태가 다음에 이어지는 펑션으로 &lt;em&gt;어떤 식으로든* 전달되지 않는다고 가정해야 합니다. 이것은 RAM 안에 저장된 상태도 포함하구요, 로컬 디스크에 뭔가를 저장하는 어떤 형태의 상태 역시도 포함합니다. 다시 말해서 설치 유닛 관점에서 *FaaS 펑션은 상태를 저장하지 않습니다(Stateless)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이것은 애플리케이션 아키텍처에 지대한 영향을 줍니다. FaaS가 유일한 건 아니지만요 – &lt;code&gt;12요소 앱&lt;/code&gt; 개념은 &lt;a href=&quot;http://12factor.net/processes&quot;&gt;정확하게 똑같은 제한점&lt;/a&gt;을 갖고 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;그렇다면 이러한 제한요소를 인정한다고 할 때, 어떤 대안이 있을까요? 보통 FaaS 펑션은 원래 상태 저장기능이 없어서(Stateless) 단순히 입력값을 다른 출력값으로 변경시킨다거나 또는 데이터베이스, Redis 같은 크로스플랫폼 캐시, 혹은 S3 같은 네트워크 파일 스토리지 같은 것들을 통해 리퀘스트 전반에 걸쳐 상태를 저장시키고 그걸 이용해서 좀 더 사용자 요청을 처리합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;execution-duration&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;실행 기간&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;FaaS 펑션은 개별 실행에 있어 보통 제한시간이 있습니다. 현재 AWS 람다의 경우에는 5분 이상 걸리는 펑션은 실행에 실패하게끔 되어 있구요, 만약 5분 이상 걸릴 경우 자동으로 폐기됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이것은 오랜 시간을 필요로 하는 작업이라면 새롭게 아키텍처를 변경하지 않는 이상 FaaS 펑션에는 적합하지 않다는 것을 의미합니다. 다시 말해서 전통적으로는 하나의 큰 펑션으로 만들어서 그 안에서 모든 것을 다 처리하는 펑션으로 만들었다면 이제 FaaS에서는 이것을 잘게 쪼개서 각각 별도로 처리하는 형태로 구조를 변경해야 한다는 것이죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;startup-latency&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;초기 실행 지연&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;현재 FaaS 펑션이 리퀘스트에 응답하는데 걸리는 시간은 여러 가지 요소들에 의해 결정되긴 하지만 대략 10ms 에서 2분 정도 사이가 될 겁니다. 딱히 좋은 얘기는 아닌 것 같기는 한데, 조금 더 구체적으로 들어가 보도로 하죠. AWS 람다의 예를 들어 봅시다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;만약에 자바스크립트나 파이썬으로 펑션을 구현했고 그 펑션의 크기가 대략 1천 줄 미만의 코드량으로 그다지 크지 않다면, 실행에 필요한 시간은 아무리 많아야 10ms 에서 100ms를 넘지 않을 겁니다. 펑션의 크기가 커진다면 아무래도 종종 시간이 오래 걸리겠죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;만약 람다 펑션을 JVM 위에서 구현했다면 종종 10초 이상 걸리는 응답시간을 보일 겁니다. 아무래도 JVM이 구동되기 위해 필요한 시간이겠죠. 하지만, 이것은 아래와 같은 상황에서만 일어나는 상황입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;펑션을 자주 실행시키지 않는 경우 – 각 실행 주기가 10분을 넘는 경우&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;갑자기 트래픽이 늘어나는 경우 – 초당 10개의 리퀘스트를 처리하다가 갑자기 초당 100개의 리퀘스트를 처리하는 식으로 짧은 시간 안에 급격하게 트래픽이 증가하는 경우&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;전자 같은 경우에는 매 5분 정도마다 핑 리퀘스트를 날려서 계속 서버가 살아있게 하는 식의 핵으로 해결할 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;그렇다면 후자의 경우에 이런 것들이 문제가 될 수 있을까요? 애플리케이션이 트래픽을 처리하는 스타일에 따라 달라질 겁니다. 예전 팀에서는 자바로 비동기 방식의 메시지 처리 람다 애플리케이션을 만들어서 하루에도 수백만개의 메시지를 처리했습니다. 초기 실행 지연 같은 것에는 아무런 걱정이 없었지요. 그건 지연시간이 낮은 트레이딩 애플리케이션을 개발한다면 딱히 이 상황에서는 FaaS를 고려할 이유가 없습니다. 무슨 언어로 개발하든지간에요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이런 문제가 당신이 개발한 애플리케이션에서 생길지 아닐지는 모르겠지만, 실제 운영 환경에서와 같은 트래픽으로 테스트를 해 볼 필요는 있어요. 그래야 실제 퍼포먼스를 측정할 수 있죠. 만약 당신의 유즈 케이스가 지금 잘 동작하지 않는다면 한 두어달 쯤 후에 다시 시도해 볼 수 있습니다. FaaS 서비스 공급자가 개발해야 할 영역이거든요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;api-gateway&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;API 게이트웨이&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;img-responsive center-block&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/articles/serverless/ag.svg&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;FaaS가 갖는 특징들 중 하나는 앞서 살짝 언급한 &lt;code&gt;API 게이트웨이&lt;/code&gt;입니다. API 게이트웨이는 HTTP 서버로서 설정을 통해 라우팅 정보와 엔드포인트를 정의하고 각각의 라우트는 FaaS 펑션에 연결 시킵니다. API 게이트웨이가 리퀘스트를 받았을 때, 리퀘스트와 일치하는 라우팅 정보를 찾아서 그에 맞는 FaaS 펑션을 실행시킵니다. 보통 API 게이트웨이는 HTTP 리퀘스트 파라미터로부터 FaaS 펑션에 필요한 입력 인자를 매핑합니다. 그렇게 함으로써 API 게이트웨이는 FaaS 펑션의 결과값을 HTTP 응답객체에 실어서 최초 요청자에게 반환합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;AWS는 API 게이트웨이 서비스를 갖고 있구요, 다른 제공자 역시도 비슷한 기능을 보유하고 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;API 게이트웨이는 단순히 리퀘스트를 라우팅하는 기능 이외에도 인증 절차를 수행하고, 입력값에 대한 유효성 검사를 수행하며 응답 객체와 매핑을 시키는 등의 역할을 하기도 합니다. 당신의 거미줄 같은 감각은 어쩌면 이게 실제로 좋은 생각인지 아닌지 궁금해 할 수도 있습니다. 잠시 후에 다시 얘기해 보도록 하죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;API 게이트웨이와 FaaS 조합의 한가지 유즈 케이스는 HTTP를 앞세운 마이크로서비스 형태가 될 겁니다. &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;는 여기서 스케일링과 관리 그리고 FaaS 펑션이 가져다 주는 여러가지 잇점을 담당하죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;현 시점에서 API 게이트웨이 도구는 아직 처절할 정도로 성숙하지 않았습니다. 그렇긴 해도 API 게이트웨이와 함께 애플리케이션을 개발하는 것이 그다지 어렵거나 한 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;tooling&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;도구들&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;API 게이트웨이 도구들이 아직 성숙하지 않았다는 것은 이미 언급했구요, 이것은 전반적으로 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; FaaS 시장에 있어서 공통적인 현상입니다. 하지만 예외는 있죠. 그 예가 바로 Auth0의 &lt;a href=&quot;https://webtask.io/&quot;&gt;Webtask&lt;/a&gt;인데요 개발자 UX에서 엄청난 강점을 갖고 있습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/tjanczuk&quot;&gt;Tomasz Janczuk&lt;/a&gt;은 최근에 있었던 서버리스 컨퍼런스에서 굉장히 좋은 데모를 보여준 적이 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;디버깅과 모니터링 역시 이 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 애플리케이션에서는 해결해야 할 숙제들입니다. 이 포스트의 뒷부분에서 다뤄보도록 하죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;open-source&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;오픈 소스&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; FaaS 애플리케이션의 주요 잇점들 중 하나는 바로 투명한 실행 환경 공급에 있습니다. 아직 오픈 소스들은 현재 여기에 그다지 관련이 있지는 않습니다. 도커와 같은 컨테이너들 말이죠. 조만간 우리는 유명한 FaaS / API 게이트웨이 플랫폼이 &lt;code&gt;회사내 on-premise&lt;/code&gt;에서 돌아간다거나 개발자의 컴퓨터에서 돌아간다거나 하는 것들을 볼 수 있을 겁니다. IBM의 &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.ibm.com/open/openwhisk/&quot;&gt;OpenWhisk&lt;/a&gt;는 좋은 예가 될 수 있는데요, 이것이 어떤 대안이 될지 아닐지 지켜보는 것도 꽤 흥미로울 겁니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;실행 환경 구성과는 별개로 FaaS 펑션을 정의하고, 설치하고 실행시키는데 도와주는 도구들과 프레임워크들은 이미 오픈 소스로 많이 나와 있습니다. 예를 들어 &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/serverless/serverless&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;서버리스 프레임워크&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;는 실제로 동작하는 API 게이트웨이와 람다를 AWS에서 제공하는 형태보다 훨씬 더 쉽게 사용할 수 있게 해줍니다. 자바스크립트를 좀 지나치게 쓰긴 했는데, 만약 자바스크립트와 API 게이트웨이 조합으로 애플리케이션을 개발한다면 꼭 한 번 봐 둘만 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;또다른 예로는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/apex/apex&quot;&gt;Apex&lt;/a&gt;가 있습니다. 이 프로젝트는 &lt;code&gt;AWS 람다 펑션들을 손쉽게 만들고, 설치하고, 관리하자&lt;/code&gt;라는 슬로건을 갖고 있습니다. Apex가 갖는 재미있는 요소들 중 하나는 아마존에서 직접 지원하지 않는 언어들을 람다 펑션 차원에서 지원하게끔 해준다는 겁니다. 예를 들자면 &lt;code&gt;Go&lt;/code&gt; 언어 같은 것들이죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;what-isnt-serverless&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;서버리스가 아닌 것은?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;직금까지 이 글에서 저는 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;가 &lt;code&gt;Backend as a Service (BaaS)&lt;/code&gt;와 &lt;code&gt;Functions as a Service (FaaS)&lt;/code&gt;의 합집합이라고 정의했습니다. 또한 주로 FaaS 쪽을 중점으로 해서 이야기를 풀어나갔지요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이제 가장 중요한, 무엇이 이득이고 무엇이 손해인지에 대해 얘기하기 전에 이 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;의 정의에 대해 조금만 더 살펴보고자 합니다. 적어도 무엇이 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;가 &lt;strong&gt;아닌지&lt;/strong&gt;에 대해 얘기해 보죠. (최근의 저를 포함해서) 몇몇 사람들이 이러한 것들에 대해 혼동했던 것을 봐 왔고, 좀 더 명확하게 하는 것도 좋은 생각 같습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;comparison-with-paas&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;PaaS와 비교&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;앞서 잠깐 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; FaaS 펑션은 &lt;code&gt;12요소&lt;/code&gt; 애플리케이션과 비슷하다고 했는데요, 그렇다면 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heroku.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Heroku&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;와 같은 또다른 PaaS라고 할 수도 있을까요? 간단하게 대답하기 위해 Adrian Cockcroft의 트윗을 인용하겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;iframe title=&quot;Twitter Tweet&quot; class=&quot;twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered&quot; id=&quot;twitter-widget-2&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0px; border: currentcolor; border-image-source: none; width: 500px; height: 184px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; display: block; visibility: visible; position: static; min-width: 220px; max-width: 100%;&quot; allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; data-tweet-id=&quot;736553530689998848&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;p&gt;

 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;만약 당신의 PaaS가 20ms 이내에 인스턴스를 실행시켜서 0.5초 동안 원하는 기능을 실행시킬 수 있다면 그땐 그걸 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;라고 부르세요. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;다른 말로, 대부분의 PaaS 애플리케이션들은 매 리퀘스트마다 애플리케이션 전체를 올렸다 내렸다할 수 있게끔 설계되지 않았습니다. 반면에 FaaS 플랫폼은 정확하게 그렇게 하죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;좋습니다. 만약 제가 훌륭한 &lt;a href=&quot;http://12factor.net/processes&quot;&gt;12요소 애플리케이션&lt;/a&gt;의 개발자라면 딱히 코딩을 하는데 있어서 별 차이점은 없을 거예요. 사실입니다. 하지만 가장 큰 차이는 어떻게 당신의 애플리케이션을 &lt;em&gt;운영하는가&lt;/em&gt;에 있습니다. 우린 모두 데브옵스 관점에 충실한 엔지니어들이고 개발에 대해 생각하는 것 만큼 운영에 대해서도 생각하고 있습니다, 그렇죠?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;운영 측면에서 FaaS와 PaaS의 핵심적인 차이는 바로 &lt;em&gt;스케일링&lt;/em&gt;입니다. 대부분의 PaaS에서 당신은 여전히 스케일링을 고민해야 하죠. 헤로쿠의 예를 들자면 다이노스 Dynos 몇개를 돌리고 싶은가를 고민해봐야 합니다. FaaS 애플리케이션에서 이부분은 완전히 투명합니다. 심지어 당신이 PaaS 애플리케이션을 스케일링 완전 자동화로 설정한다 하더라도 개별 리퀘스트 수준에서 이런 스케일링을 하진 앟아요(물론 당신이 굉장히 특별하게 트래픽 프로필을 설정해 놓았다면 얘긴 달라집니다). 따라서 FaaS 애플리케이션은 이렇게 비용이 연계가 될 때 굉장히 효율적입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이런 잇점들이 있다면 왜 계속 PaaS를 쓰려고 하죠? PaaS를 쓸 이유들이 여러가지 있겠지만 아마도 도구들 그리고 API 게이트웨이의 성숙도가 가장 큰 이유들이 될 겁니다. 더군다나 PaaS에 구현한 12요소 애플리케이션들은 최적화를 위해 앱 내 읽기전용 캐시를 사용하겠죠. 이것은 FaaS 펑션에서는 사용할 수 없는 기능입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;noops&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;#NoOps&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;는 &lt;code&gt;NoOps&lt;/code&gt;를 의미하는 것은 아닙니다. &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 토끼구멍을 얼마나 깊이 파고 들어가는가에 따라 &lt;em&gt;아마도&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;내부 시스템 관리자가 없다&lt;/code&gt;는 것을 의미할 거예요. 여기서 우리는 두가지 중요한 것을 고려해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;먼저 &lt;code&gt;Ops&lt;/code&gt;는 서버 관리 이상의 그 무언가를 의미합니다. 적어도 모니터링, 설치, 보안, 네트워킹 등을 의미하기도 하죠. 그리고 종종 시스템 스케일링과 어느 정도의 운영 시스템 디버깅까지를 포함하기도 합니다. 이런 문제들은 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 애플리케이션으로 간다고 해도 여전히 존재하고 이를 해결할 전략이 필요하죠. 어떤 면에서는 &lt;code&gt;Ops&lt;/code&gt;는 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 환경에서 좀 더 어려운 일이 될 수도 있습니다. 왜냐하면 모든 것들이 전부 새롭기 때문이죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;다음으로 시스템 관리자가 여전히 필요하다면 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt;를 위해서는 아웃소싱을 하면 그만입니다. 딱히 나쁘진 않아요 실제로 우린 여러번 아웃소싱을 해 왔으니까요. 하지만 구체적으로 당신이 무엇을 하려고 하는가에 따라 이건 좋을 수도 있고 나쁠 수도 있습니다. 어느 시점에서 당신은 시스템 관리자가 당신의 애플리케이션을 지원할 필요가 있다는 것을 알아야 할 지 모릅니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/mipsytipsy&quot;&gt;Charity Majors&lt;/a&gt;는 이와 관련해서 최근 있었던 서버리스 컨퍼런스에서 좋은 발표를 해 줬습니다. 저는 온라인에 이 발표가 올라오면 꼭 확인해 보기를 권장합니다. 그 전까지는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://charity.wtf/2016/05/31/wtf-is-operations-serverless/&quot;&gt;이 글&lt;/a&gt;과 &lt;a href=&quot;https://charity.wtf/2016/05/31/operational-best-practices-serverless/&quot;&gt;이 글&lt;/a&gt;을 읽어보면 좋겠네요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;stored-procedures-as-a-service&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Stored Procedures as a Service&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;또다른 흥미로운 주제는 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; FaaS가 &lt;code&gt;Stored Procedures as a Service&lt;/code&gt;라는 겁니다. (이 글에서 사용한 것들을 포함해서) FaaS 펑션의 많은 예제들이 주로 데이터베이스에 접근하기 위한 코드들이기 때문이 아닐까 생각합니다. 만약에 &lt;em&gt;겨우 이정도&lt;/em&gt;가 우리가 FaaS를 사용하는 이유라고 한다면 이 네이밍은 적당할 지도 모르겠군요. 하지만 이건 FaaS의 서브셋에 불과할 뿐더러 만약 이런 용도로만 사용한다면 뭐랄까 조금은 맞지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이것은 어찌 보면 Stored Procedure가 갖는 동일한 문제를 FaaS 역시도 가질 수 있다는 것을 고려해 볼 &lt;em&gt;필요가 있습니다&lt;/em&gt;. Camille이 트윗에서 언급한 것과 같은 기술적 부채들도 포함해서 말이지요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;iframe title=&quot;Twitter Tweet&quot; class=&quot;twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered&quot; id=&quot;twitter-widget-3&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0px; border: currentcolor; border-image-source: none; width: 500px; height: 206.39px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; display: block; visibility: visible; position: static; min-width: 220px; max-width: 100%;&quot; allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; data-tweet-id=&quot;719583067275403265&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;p&gt;

 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;만약에 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 서비스가 마치 Stored Procedure 처럼 변한다면 이건 곧바로 엄청난 기술적 부채가 될 거라는 걸 생각해 보자구. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stored Procedure를 사용하는 것에서 오는 수많은 교훈들이 있습니다. 그것들은 FaaS에서 반드시 되돌아보고 적용이 가능할지 아닐지를 결정해야 할 것들이지요. Stored Procedure들은:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;종종 벤더 종속적인 언어를 요구하거나, 적어도 벤더 종속적인 프레임워크 혹은 언어로 확장할 필요가 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;데이터베이스 콘텍스트 안에서 실행시켜야 하기 때문에 테스트가 어렵습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;일급 애플리케이션으로서 다루기 까다롭고 버전 관리도 힘듭니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;이러한 제약사항들이 모두 Stored Procedure를 구현하는데 있어서 적용되는 것은 아닐 겁니다. 하지만 지금까지 제 경험상 수많은 문제들을 읽으켰던 것은 사실이예요. 그렇다면 이것을 FaaS에 어떻게 적용을 시킬 수 있는지 살펴봅시다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1번 항목은 FaaS 구현에 있어서 큰 걸림돌은 아닙니다. 그냥 그런 부분들을 걷어내면 그만이죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2번 항목에서 우리는 &lt;code&gt;코드만&lt;/code&gt; 쓰기 때문에, 단위 테스트는 다른 코드들과 마찬가지로 쉽습니다. 통합 테스트는 다른 (그리고 정당한) 문제예요. 이건 나중에 얘기해 봅시다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3번 항목에서 다시금 FaaS 펑션은 &lt;code&gt;코드일 뿐&lt;/code&gt;이기 때문에 버전 관리도 괜찮습니다. 하지만 애플리케이션 패키징 측면에서 봤을 때 아직 어떤 성숙한 패턴이 나오지는 않았어요. 앞서 언급했던 &lt;code&gt;서버리스&lt;/code&gt; 프레임워크는 자체적으로 이런 패키징 형태를 제공합니다. AWS는 2016년 5월에 열렸던 서버리스 컨퍼런스에서 패키징 관련해서 &lt;code&gt;Flourish&lt;/code&gt;라는 이름으로 작업중이라고 발표했습니다. 하지만 이건 뭐 나와 봐야 아는 거겠죠.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;이 문서는 &lt;code&gt;지속적으로 진화&lt;/code&gt;합니다. 저는 수시로 이 문서를 업데이트할 예정입니다. 그렇게 해서 좀 더 많은 서버리스 아키텍처와 관련한 장단점들을 포함한 주제들을 이 문서에 담길 희망합니다. 아마도 향후 일이년 이내에 좀 더 서버리스 관련 주제들이 발전하지 않을까 싶네요.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이 주제와 관련해서 우리가 어떻게 업데이트 하는지를 알고 싶다면 우리 사이트의 &lt;a href=&quot;http://martinfowler.com/feed.atom&quot;&gt;RSS 피드&lt;/a&gt;, 제 &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/mikebroberts&quot;&gt;트위터 피드&lt;/a&gt; 또는 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.twitter.com/martinfowler&quot;&gt;마틴 파울러의 트위터&lt;/a&gt; 피드를 주목해 주세요. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;h2&gt;알림&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;이 글을 쓰는데 도움을 주신 분들께 감사 드립니다: Obie Fernandez, Martin Fowler, Paul Hammant, Badri Janakiraman, Kief Morris, Nat Pryce, Ben Rady.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이 새 기술에 적당히 반론도 해 주시고 격려도 해주신 Internet Media의 제 전 팀원들께 감사 드립니다: John Chapin, Pete Gieser, Sebastián Rojas and Philippe René.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;마지막으로 이 주제와 관련해 여러 생각들을 피력해 주신 모든 분들, 특히 제가 언급한 분들께 감사 드립니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;리비전&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;2016년 6월 17일: &lt;em&gt;서버리스가 아닌 것은?&lt;/em&gt; 섹션 추가&lt;br /&gt;2016년 6월 16일: &lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;Functions as a Service&lt;/code&gt; 뒤집어 보기&lt;/em&gt; 섹션 추가&lt;br /&gt;2016년 6월 15일: 첫번째 버전 발행 – 몇가지 예제들&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>개발자</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/28</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/28#entry28comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2016 10:31:52 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lean 개발방법론 ( Agile의 하나 )</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/27</link>
      <description>&lt;header class=&quot;entry-header&quot;&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;entry-title&quot;&gt;Lean 개발방법론 ( Agile의 하나 )&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comments-link&quot;&gt;출처 :&amp;nbsp;http://zzino.co.kr/blog/?p=173&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comments-link&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;comments-link&quot;&gt;린 소프트웨어 개발 방법론은 도요타(자동차 제조사)의 프로세스를 S/W 개발에 적용한 방법론.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/header&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry-content&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;구체적인 개발 프로세스를 정의하지 않고 철학적인 접근 방식을 정의하고 있다. 즉, 린 개발 방식은 개 발 방법론이라기 보다는 사고방식이란 용어가 더 적합하다 하겠다. – 린 사고 방식(Lean Thinking)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. 특징&lt;br /&gt; 린은 낭비를 발견하고 제거함으로써 어떻게 고객에게 가치를 빠르게 제공할 수 있을 것인가에 대한 생각이자 사고방식이다. 제조분야에서 생산성향상을 위해 사용하는 린워칙을 S/W 개발에 적용하여 낭비요소를 제거하자는 내용. 결론으로 S/W개발의 가장 큰 낭비는 결함이고 결함을 줄이는 좋은 방법은 애자일 방법론 이라는 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. Lean에서 대표적 낭비요소&lt;br /&gt;– Transportation&lt;br /&gt;– Inventory&lt;br /&gt;– Motion&lt;br /&gt;– Waiting&lt;br /&gt;– Over Production&lt;br /&gt;– Over Processing&lt;br /&gt;– Defects / Rework&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Lean S/W의 7가지 개발원칙&lt;br /&gt;– 낭비를 제거하라: 파레토법칙에 의거하여 개발에 정말 중요한 20%에 집중하고 낭비되는 요소 제거&lt;br /&gt;– 품질을 내재화하라: TDD를 통해 코드의 실수를 방지, 빅뱅통합을 버리고 지속적인 통합과 중첩된 동기화 기법사용&lt;br /&gt;– 지식을 창출하라: 과학적 방법 사용, 모든 사람들이 따라하고 잘 알려진 실천법을 표준에 포함하되, 누구든지 표준에 도전하고 변경하도록 장려.&lt;br /&gt;– 확정을 늦춰라: 마지막까지 변화를 수용할 수 있도록 코드 작성, 의존성을 깨뜨리고 옵션을 유지하라.&lt;br /&gt;– 전체를 최적화하라: 고객요구에서 S/W 배포까지 전체 가치흐름에 초점을 맞춰라.&lt;br /&gt;– 사람을 존중하라: 효과적인 리더십 제공하고 팀은 자부심, 책임감, 신뢰, 칭찬을 통해 번성한다.&lt;br /&gt;– 빨리 인도하라: 신속한 인도, 고품질, 저비용은 공존할 수 있다. 일의 양을 할 수 있는 만큼으로 제한하라.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. Lean S/W 개발과 칸반&lt;br /&gt;– 칸반은 생산시스템에서 일하는 작업자들이 어떤 작업을 해야 하는지 알려주는 작업지시서에 해당&lt;br /&gt;– Lean S/W 개발에서 칸반을 활용하게 되면 다음과 같은 장점을 얻을 수 있다.&lt;br /&gt;– 워크플로우를 가시화한다: 일을 작게 나누고 보일 수 있게 나열한다.&lt;br /&gt;– 작업중인 것을 제한한다: 워크플로우상에 얼마나 많은 항목이 진행되고 있는지 제한을 둔다.&lt;br /&gt;– 작업에 소요되는 시간을 측정한다: 한 항목을 완료하는데 걸리는 평균시간, 예측가능하고 소요시간을 최소화하기 위해 프로세스를 최적화 한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. 애자일 방법론과 린 개발방법의 공통점&lt;br /&gt;– 요구사항의 변화를 적극적으로 수용&lt;br /&gt;– 제품을 고객에게 빠르게 전달하여 고객 가치와 만족도를 높이는데 목적&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. 애자일 방법론과 린 개발방법론의 차이점&lt;br /&gt;– 애자일 촛점: 개인별 또는 팀간에 고객과 협업하고 빠른 개발을 수행하는 것에 초점(고객과 협업)&lt;br /&gt;– 린의 촛점: 고객의 관점에서 전체 프로세스 상에서 낭비를 제거하여 고객 가치를 높이는 것에 우선 순위(전적으로 고객 관점)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>생산성</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/27</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/27#entry27comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Jun 2016 21:12:31 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>서버리스(Serverless)가 온다!</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/26</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;출처 :&amp;nbsp;http://www.zdnet.co.kr/column/column_view.asp?artice_id=20160614172904&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sub_view_tit clfx&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sub_view_tit1&quot;&gt;칼럼					 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sub_view_tit2&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;서버리스(Serverless)가 온다!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;sub_view_tit3 clfx&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;tit3_1&quot;&gt;윤석찬  AWS 테크 에반젤리스트&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;tit3_2&quot;&gt;입력 : 2016.06.14.17:40&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;tit3_3&quot;&gt;수정 : 2016.06.14.17:40&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;sub_view_tit4 clfx&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;share-facebook&quot;&gt;228&lt;/span&gt;					 &lt;img class=&quot;share-to btn&quot; alt=&quot;페이스북&quot; src=&quot;http://www.zdnet.co.kr/img/sub_view_icon4.gif&quot; data-sns=&quot;facebook&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;share-to btn&quot; alt=&quot;트위터&quot; src=&quot;http://www.zdnet.co.kr/img/sub_view_icon5.gif&quot; data-sns=&quot;twitter&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;share-to btn&quot; alt=&quot;구글&quot; src=&quot;http://www.zdnet.co.kr/img/sub_view_icon6.gif&quot; data-sns=&quot;google+&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ad_txt&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe width=&quot;650&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;http://adsr.meganews.co.kr/RealMedia/ads/adstream_sx.ads/www.zdnet.co.kr/sub@Top2&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; marginwidth=&quot;0&quot; marginheight=&quot;0&quot; noresize=&quot;&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0px;&quot; allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;iframe width=&quot;650&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;http://adsr.meganews.co.kr/RealMedia/ads/adstream_sx.ads/www.zdnet.co.kr/sub@Top3&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; marginwidth=&quot;0&quot; marginheight=&quot;0&quot; noresize=&quot;&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sub_view_cont clfx pt_15&quot; id=&quot;articleBody&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;지난 칼럼 '&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zdnet.co.kr/column/column_view.asp?artice_id=20160222170339&quot;&gt;클라우드 기술에 대한 세가지 패러다임 변화&lt;/a&gt;'에서 ‘서버 없는 클라우드 함수의 등장’이라는 변화를 소개했다. 이러한 새로운 패러다임은 개발자들에게 큰 수고와 비용 없이도 좀 더 빠르고 민첩하게 다양한 애플리케이션을 만들고, 서비스 운용을 위한 확장성 및 가용성에 대한 수고와 비용을 없애는 방향으로 바뀌고 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이러한 변화를 가장 극적으로 보여준 것이 바로 지난 5월말 뉴욕에서 있었던 &lt;a href=&quot;http://serverlessconf.io/&quot;&gt;서버리스컨퍼런스(Serverless Conference)&lt;/a&gt;다. 일반적으로, 회자되는 기술의 유행 방식은 선두 주자가 혁신적인 서비스를 내면, 경쟁적으로 유사한 서비스가 만들어지고, 오픈 소스로 된 관련 도구가 증가하면서 개발자들이 여기에 동조하고, 콘퍼런스에서 다 같이 만나는 패턴인데,이는과거에도 종종 있었다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2014년 AWS람다(Lambda)가 이러한 개념을 처음 선 보인 이후로, 많은 클라우드 업체들이 이를 벤치마킹한 서비스를 줄줄이 내놓고 있다. 많은 개발자들은 관련된 코드 예제들을 오픈 소스로 공개하고, 급기야는 &lt;a href=&quot;http://serverless.com/&quot;&gt;Serverless FRAMEwork&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://claudiajs.com/&quot;&gt;CloudiaJS&lt;/a&gt; 같은 서버리스 오픈 소스 개발 프레임워크가 계속 나오고 있다. AWS에서 Lambda와 API Gateway 서비스 개발을 총괄하고 있는 팀 와그너(Tim Wagner)는 서버리스 콘퍼런스키노트 발표에 앞서 물리 서버를 부숴버리는 상징적인 퍼포먼스를 보여 주기도 했다. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sub_view_cont_img&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;align_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;535&quot; height=&quot;279&quot; alt=&quot;물리적 서버를 부수는 퍼포먼스를 하고 있는 팀 와그너? 출처: @samkroon&quot; src=&quot;http://image.zdnet.co.kr/2016/06/14/delight_8HhuR6E61dVu.jpg&quot;&gt;		&lt;p class=&quot;bottom&quot; style=&quot;width: 509px; margin-left: -268px;&quot;&gt;물리적 서버를 부수는 퍼포먼스를 하고 있는 팀 와그너? 출처: @samkroon&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;■ Serverless != No Server&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;물론 서버리스(Serverless)라는 말 자체가 서버가 필요 없다는 뜻은 아니다. 클라우드에서도 서버는 존재하고 있고, 다만 고객이 스스로 관리해야 하는 서버 혹은 콘테이너가제로(0)에 수렴한다는 의미다. 따라서, 서버리스란 오로지 이벤트에 따라 동작하는 클라우드 기반의 나노 수준 (최근 회자되는 마이크로서비스가 가진 크기를 생각해서) 서비스 단위의프로그램 코드만을 개발하고 배포에 집중한다는 의미이다. 기존의 PaaS(Platform as a Service)는 복잡한 모놀리식(Monolithic) 애플리케이션을 지원했다는 점에서, 무상태(Stateless)는 서버리스의특징과 대비된다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이유는 간단하다. 더 빠르게 움직이기 위해서다. 이러한 특징은 인프라 설치, 운용, 확장성 고려, 복잡한 배포 및 모니터링 등 많은 관리 업무를 줄이고, 민첩하게 만들고 배포하려는 회사 혹은 팀에게 적합하다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;예를 들어, AWS Lambda는 가장 선두에 있는 서비스로서 Node.js, Java, Python 코드를 올리기만 하면, 코드가 실행될 때 마다 5분 안에 실행하면서 100ms 단위로 과금한다. 다른 AWS 서비스의 이벤트를 처리(예를 들면, Amazon S3에 이미지가 올라오면 썸네일을 만드는 기능을 동작)하거나, Amazon API Gateway로 들어오는 HTTP 요청에 대해서도 실행할 수 있다. 올려진 코드에 대한 버전 기능, 배치 작업을 위한 Cron 기능등을 제공하고, 매월 100만 밀리세컨드에 대해 무료로 제공하기에 테스트 개발에도 적합하다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sub_view_cont_img&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;align_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;520&quot; height=&quot;341&quot; alt=&quot;모바일 앱을 위한 서버없는백엔드 아키텍처 사례(출처: AWS 한국 공식 블로그)&quot; src=&quot;http://image.zdnet.co.kr/2016/06/14/delight_PNbitka9ZQCh.jpg&quot;&gt;		&lt;p class=&quot;bottom&quot; style=&quot;width: 494px; margin-left: -260px;&quot;&gt;모바일 앱을 위한 서버없는백엔드 아키텍처 사례(출처: AWS 한국 공식 블로그)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;따라서, Amazon API Gateway와 AWS Lambda를 조합하고, 여기에 Amazon 기존 서비스를 연계해서 새로운 아키텍처를 구성할 수 있는데, 이것을 소위 ‘서버리스 아키텍처’라고 부르고 있다. (마치 다양한 요리를 할 때 필요한 재료가 필요한 것처럼, AWS는 최소 단위(primitives)라고 부르는 다양한 서비스로 만들고, 개발자들이 이를 자유롭게 조합하여, 새로운 아키텍처를 설계 구성하도록 하는 서비스 철학을 가지고 있다)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;■ 진화하는 서버리스 개발 생태계&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;서버리스 아키텍처나 프레임워크는아직 초기 단계다. 해결해야 할 사항도 적지 않다. 예를 들어, 기존 서버 기반 SW 플랫폼 개발 프레임워크만큼, 통합 개발 환경(IDE)나 테스팅, 디버깅이 편리하지 않다. 개별 클라우드 함수의 크기나 성능에 따른 메모리 사이징(그에 따른 CPU 및 네트워크 사용량) 및 함수 기능을 어디까지 세분화 할 것인가에 대한 기준도 명확하지 않다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이런 부분은 서버리스 아키텍처에 대한 다양한 논의가 진행되고, 개발자 생태계가 커지면서 각종 지원 개발 도구가 나온다면 자연스럽게 해결될문제라고 생각한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;하지만, 가장우선적으로서버리스에 대한 개념과 목적을 명확하게 하는 것이 중요하다. 못을 박기 위한 도구인 망치를 가지고, 음식을 만들려는 우를 범하지 않기 위해서다. 팀 와그너는서버리스 콘퍼런스키노트 중 아래와 같이&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/bernardgolden/status/735842525425078272&quot;&gt;서버리스선언문(Serverless Manifesto)&lt;/a&gt;을 소개하였다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;함수(Function)가 서비스의 기본 배포 및 확장 단위이다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;프로그래밍 모델에서 물리 서버, 가상 서버 및 콘테이너에 대한 의존성을 제거하라&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;데이터 스토리지는 어딘가 무제한으로 있다고(사용한다고) 가정하라&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;사용자가 아닌 오로지 요청(Request)에 대해서만 확장하라&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;요청이 없는데 돈을 낼 필요가 없다(가상 서버나 콘테이너도 여전히 비효율적이다).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;함수의 실행은 어디서나 가능하므로, 장애 복원력을 가지도록 만들어라 &lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;BYOC(Bring your own code) ?나만의 서비스를 책임지고 만들 수 있다!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;통계 수집 및 로그 취득은 보편적인 필수 사항이다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;이와 함께 Flourish라는 오프 소스 서버리스 프레임워크를 곧 공개할 것이라고 밝혔다. 이 프레임워크는 마이크로 서비스의 형식을 정의하고, 기존 IDE와 통합하여 빌드 및 ZIP 파일 기반 배포를 할 뿐만 아니라 하나의 대시보드에서 모니터링 및 요금 집계가 가능한 현실적인 서비스 기능을 통합 할 예정이다. 또한 프로그램 코드와 버전 설정을 조합에 의한 일관된 롤백 기능도 제공한다. 벤더 중립적인 API 서비스 참조 역할도 하면서, 코드 작성 및 배포에만 집중되어 있는 기존 프레임워크의 대안이 될 수 있을 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Flourish가 중립적인 프레임워크로 자리잡더라도 다른 클라우드 업체들도 비슷한 수준의 서버리스 프레임워크를 내놓을 가능성이 높다. 기존의 개발자 커뮤니티에서 만들어지는 프레임워크 역시 생태계 확대에 이바지할 것으로 예상된다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;■ 서버리스의 대중화의 필수 조건은?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;서버리스 개발 생태계 확대를 위해서는 기존 벤더 기반 서버리스 컴퓨팅 환경과 스토리지 서비스에서 개발자 생태계 기반 프레임워크와 개발 도구의 제공이 확대되는 단계도 중요하다.하지만 궁극적으로 서버리스 킬러 응용 프로그램(Killer Application)이 나와야 한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;최근에 Slack을 기반으로 하는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/ko/blogs/korea/slack-devops-with-aws-lambda-and-eb/&quot;&gt;채팅봇애플리케이션&lt;/a&gt;이나 Amazon Echo와 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cz-2JL9XAy4&amp;amp;list=PLORxAVAC5fUUkUqoqL4M_73OdB9c5aIld&amp;amp;index=3&quot;&gt;Alexa 그리고 AWS Lambda를이용한음성인식&lt;/a&gt;서버리스 애플리케이션이 늘어나는 것은 고무적인 현상이다. &lt;a href=&quot;http://techcrunch.com/2016/06/03/amazon-alexa-now-has-over-1000-skills-up-from-135-in-january/&quot;&gt;테크크런치기사&lt;/a&gt;에서 언급한, Amazon Echo의 음성 인식 API인 Alexa Skills과 AWS Lambda를 이용한 앱(Skills)이 연초 135여개에서 1,000여개로 늘어났다는 것이 바로 그러한 예이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;AWS Lambda의 이용 사례도 극적으로 늘고 있다. 여성 패션 사이트인 Bustie는 수백만의 사용자가 방문하는 웹 사이트를 Amazon S3 기반으로 만들고 필요시 동적 데이터를 Lambda로 처리한다. 광고 리타게팅 플랫폼인 AdRoll 역시 매달 300TB의 압축 데이터를 S3에 저장하는데, 호출 데이터 저장 시 Lambda를 사용한다. 실시간 동영상 인코딩 업체로 유명해진 스타트업인 Periscope는 포르노 같은 유해 영상인지 여부를 3초 단위로 파악해서 차단하는 기능에 Lambda를 이용한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sub_view_cont_img&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;align_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;550&quot; height=&quot;337&quot; alt=&quot;AWS Lambda의 실제 활용 사례? 출처: AWS Summit Seoul키노트 중&quot; src=&quot;http://image.zdnet.co.kr/2016/06/14/delight_We6alSX4wrQV.jpg&quot;&gt;		&lt;p class=&quot;bottom&quot; style=&quot;width: 524px; margin-left: -275px;&quot;&gt;AWS Lambda의 실제 활용 사례? 출처: AWS Summit Seoul키노트 중&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;특히, 데이터 분석 영역에서 Lambda 사용도 두드러진다. FireEye는 Lambda를 이용하여 침입 탐지 시스템을 만들었는데, 기존에 맵리듀스(MapReduce) 기능을 Lambda 함수로 바꾸고, S3에 저장하는 새로운 아이디어를 내기도 했다.국내에서도 비트패킹컴퍼니가 음악 재생 시 광고 노출 데이터를 실시간으로 처리하기 위해 Lambda를 통해 Amazon Kinesis로 보내고, 이를 S3에 저장하거나Amazon Elasticsearch Service와 Kibana를 통해 분석 대시 보드를 만드는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATrUK00jUBk&amp;amp;list=PLORxAVAC5fUUkUqoqL4M_73OdB9c5aIld&amp;amp;index=7&quot;&gt;서버가전혀없는원스톱분석서비스&lt;/a&gt;를 만들어 발표하기도 했다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;향후서버리스 아키텍처를 위한 생태계에서 필요한 것은 매우 많다. 클라우드 함수에 대한 지속적인 통합 및 배포(CI/CD) 지원, IDE 플러그인, 테스트 프레임워크는 가장 필수적이다. React 같은 현대적 웹 앱 프레임워크와의 연동 및 원활한 동영상 및 파일 처리, 사물 인터넷과의 연동, 이를 엔터프라이즈급 업무에서도 활용할 수 있는 다양한 사례를 발굴하는 것 역시 중요한 과제다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;마지막으로 무엇 보다 중요한 것은 &lt;a href=&quot;https://aws.amazon.com/ko/blogs/korea/serverless-architecture-by-korean-developers/&quot;&gt;개발자들의호기심&lt;/a&gt;이다. 항상 성공하는 기술은 낮은 진입 장벽에서, 호기심을 가진 기술 관심자들의참여로 이루어진다. 과거 모바일앱생태계 초기를 돌아보면, 개발자가 부업으로 만든 앱들이 대박을 친 경우가 많았다. 서버리스 아키텍처도 과거 수많은 고민을 해야했던 많은 장벽을 없애 줌으로써새로운아이디어를 시작해 볼 수 있고, 성공도 예측해 볼 수 있다. 누가 아는가? 내가 만든 작은 API가 유료로도 서비스할 수 있는 대박 서비스가 될지…&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;​&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;기업에서도 복잡한 문제 해결에 대한 가장 단순한 해법을 찾고, 기존 레거시를 혁신하기 위해 이를 직접 만들어 보는 개발자와 기업에게 미래가 있다. 만약 이를적용 하면 회사의 기존 사업이 망할 것 같고, 나의 일이 없어지는 내부적인 파괴(Disruption)를 일으킬 것 같은 기술처럼 보이는가? 서버리스 아키텍처를 바라보는 IT개발자의 우려와 벤더의 시각도 이와 다르지 않다.그렇다면 지금 당장 시도해야 한다.“미래는 이미 가까이에 와 있다. 다만 널리 퍼지지 않았을 뿐(The future is already here ? it's just not very evenly distributed. ?윌리암 깁슨)”이라는 말을 다시 새겨볼 때다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;*본 칼럼 내용은 본지 편집방향과 다를 수 있습니다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- 뷰페이지 타이틀 --&gt;				 &lt;!-- 뷰페이지 기사내용 --&gt;				 &lt;!-- 뷰페이지 기사내용 --&gt; &lt;!--리엔미디어 스크립트 왼쪽 기사옆 작은이미지--&gt; 

 &lt;!--//리엔미디어 스크립트 왼쪽 기사옆 작은이미지--&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;columnlist_v_w clfx&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;img&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;144&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://www.zdnet.co.kr/images/inc/inc_channy.jpg&quot;&gt;         칼럼니스트 : 윤석찬&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;email&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;SNS&lt;/b&gt;             &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/channyun&quot; target=&quot;_new&quot;&gt;twitter.com/channyun&lt;/a&gt;         &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;tit&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;약력&quot; src=&quot;http://www.zdnet.co.kr/img/column_view_txt2.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;txt1&quot;&gt;윤석찬 아마존웹서비스테크에반젤리스트| 1996년 웹 개발자로 인터넷 업계에 투신해 나인포유 CTO, 모질라(Mozilla) 오픈소스 커뮤니티 리더, IT 분야 블로거 등 다양한 역할을 수행해 왔다. 최근까지 다음카카오에서 연구개발 부서 리더 및 오픈 API 플랫폼 에반젤리스트로서 내부 API 플랫폼 구축과 외부 개발자 지원을 담당한 바 있다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>개발자</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/26</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/26#entry26comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jun 2016 10:39:18 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>분산 로그 수집기 Fluentd 소개</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/25</link>
      <description>&lt;div class=&quot;titleWrap&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bcho.tistory.com/1115&quot;&gt;분산 로그 &amp;amp; 데이타 수집기 Fluentd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bcho.tistory.com/category/%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%ED%85%8D%EC%B3%90%20/%EB%8C%80%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89%20%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%ED%85%8D%EC%B3%90&quot;&gt;아키텍쳐 /대용량 아키텍쳐&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; |							 &lt;span class=&quot;date&quot;&gt;2016.06.13 23:12 &lt;a href=&quot;http://bcho.tistory.com/toolbar/popup/abuseReport/?entryId=1115&quot;&gt;신고&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; |							 &lt;span class=&quot;author&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt;Posted by &lt;/span&gt;조대협&lt;/span&gt;						 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;titleWrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;author&quot;&gt;http://bcho.tistory.com/1115&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;titleWrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;author&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- titleWrap close --&gt;												 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;article&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tt_article_useless_p_margin&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-e5878cec-4a14-d363-6feb-89fe0415b20c&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;분산 로그 수집기 Fluentd 소개&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;조대협 (http://bcho.tistory.com)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/226BD63C575EBE5910&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;251&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/226BD63C575EBE5910&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;flogo.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;요즘 들어 빅데이타 분석 관련 기술들을 보다보니, 역시나 여러 데이타 소스에서 데이타를 수집해 오는 부분이 여러 데이타 소스를 커버해야 하고, 분산된 여러 서버에서 데이타를 수집해야 하는 만큼 수집 컴포넌트의 중요성이 점점 더 올라가는 것 같다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;그래서 요즘 빅데이타를 위한 데이타(및 로그) 수집 플랫폼을 보고 있는데, 예전 Flume 등 여러 로그 수집 솔루션이 있었는 것에 비해서 조금 정리된 느낌이라고나 할까? &amp;nbsp;Scribed, Fluentd 그리고 ELK (Elastic Search + Logstash + Kibana 조합)에서 사용되는 Logstash등이 있는데, 대부분 Fluentd와 Logstash로 수렴 되는 것 같다. 양쪽 모두 오픈소스이고 별도의 엔터프라이즈 라이센스 정책을 가지고 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; Logstash는 아키텍쳐 적응에 대한 유연성과 연동 솔루션에 대한 호환성을 강조하고 있기 때문에 타 솔루션과 연동이 강하고 반면, Fluentd는 아키텍쳐의 단순성과 이를 기반으로 한 안정성을 초점을 두고 있다. 그래서 아키텍쳐 구성이나 설정이 간단하다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;이 글에서는 Fluentd에 대한 간략한 개념과 사용 방법에 대해서 알아보도록 하겠다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 20pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 26.66px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Fluentd를 이용한 로그 수집 아키텍쳐&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Fluentd를 이용한 로그 수집 아키텍쳐를 살펴보면 다음과 같다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;아래 그림과 같이 각 서버에, Fluentd를 설치하면, 서버에서 기동되고 있는 서버(또는 애플리케이션)에서 로그를 수집해서 중앙 로그 저장소 (Log Store)로 전송 하는 방식이다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2672EE3C575EBE6507&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2672EE3C575EBE6507&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;topology1.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;위의 그림은 가장 기본적인 구조로 Fluentd가 로그 수집 에이전트 역할만을 하는 구조인데, 이에 더해서 다음과 같이 각 서버에서 Fluentd에서 수집한 로그를 다른 Fluentd로 보내서 이 Fluentd가 최종적으로 로그 저장소에 저장하도록 할 수 도 있다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2278223C575EBE6606&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;187&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2278223C575EBE6606&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;topology2.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;중간에 fluentd를 넣는 이유는, 이 fluentd가 앞에서 들어오는 로그들을 수집해서 로그 저장소에 넣기 전에 로그 트래픽을 Throttling (속도 조절)을 해서 로그 저장소의 용량에 맞게 트래픽을 조정을 할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;또는 다음 그림과 같이 로그를 여러개의 저장소에 복제해서 저장하거나 로그의 종류에 따라서 각각 다른 로그 저장소로 라우팅이 가능하다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/22638D3C575EBE6816&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;192&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/22638D3C575EBE6816&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;topology3.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 20pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 26.66px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Fluentd 내부 구조&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Fluentd를 이용해서 로그 수집 아키텍쳐를 구성하는 방법을 대략적으로 알아보았는데, 그렇다면 Fluentd 자체의 구조는 어떻게 되어 있을까?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Fluentd는 크게 다음 그림과 같이 Input,Parser,Engine,Filter,Buffer,Ouput,Formatter 7개의 컴포넌트로 구성이 된다. &amp;nbsp;7개의 컴포넌트중 Engine을 제외한 나머지 6개는 플러그인 형태로 제공이 되서 사용자가 설정이 가능하다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;일반적인 데이타 흐름은 Input → Engine → Output 의 흐름으로 이루어 지고, &amp;nbsp;Parser, Buffer, Filter, Formatter 등은 설정에 따라서 선택적으로 추가 또는 삭제할 수 있다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 600px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2252EF3C575EBE5B24&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;232&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2252EF3C575EBE5B24&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;fluentd archi.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Input&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Input은 로그를 수집하는 플러그인으로, 다양한 로그 소스를 지원한다. HTTP, tail, TCP 등 기본 플러그인 이외에도, 확장 플러그인을 통해서 다양한 서버나 애플리케이션으로 부터 다양한 포맷의 데이타를 수집할 수 있도록 해준다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Parser (Optional)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Input 플러그인을 통해서 데이타를 읽어도 데이타 포맷이 Fluentd에서 지원하지 않는 데이타 포맷인 경우가 있기 때문에, 이 데이타를 파싱 하기 위해서, Parser 플러그인을 선택적으로 사용할 수 있다. Regular expression &amp;nbsp;기반으로 스트링을 Parsing 하는 플러그인 뿐 아니라, apache, nginx, syslog등 다양한 포맷의 데이타를 파싱할 수 있는 플러그인을 제공한다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Filter (Optional)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Filter 플러그인을 읽어드린 데이타를 output으로 보내기 전에, 다음과 같은 3가지 기능을 한다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: disc; background-color: transparent;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;필터링&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: disc; background-color: transparent;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;데이타 필드 추가&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: disc; background-color: transparent;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;데이타 필드 삭제 또는 특정 필드 마스킹&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;필터링은 특정 데이타만 output 필드로 보내고, 나머지는 버리도록 한다. 예를 들어 로그 데이타에 “seoul”이라는 문자열이 있을 경우만 로그 서버로 보내거나 “error”, “warning”과 같은 특정 패턴이 있을 경우에만 로그 저장소로 보내도록할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;callbacknestbchotistorycom11158683&quot; style=&quot;width: 1px; height: 1px; float: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;데이타 필드 추가는 기존 들어온 로그 데이타에 데이타를 전송한 서버명 (Host명)등을 추가해서 로그 저장소로 보낼 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;마지막으로 데이타 필드 삭제는 불필요한 필드를 삭제하거나 개인 정보등 민감 정보를 삭제하거나 해쉬화하여 데이타 저장소로 보낼 수 있는 기능을 한다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Output&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Output은 Input 플러그인과 반대로, 앞에서 필터링된 데이타를 &amp;nbsp;데이타 저장소 솔루션에 데이타를 저장하도록 한다. (mongodb나 AWS S3 , Google의 Big query등)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Formatter (Optional)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Output 플러그인을 통해서 데이타를 저장소에 쓸 때, Formatter 를 이용하면 쓰는 데이타의 포맷을 정의할 수 있다.(cf. Input의 parser가 포맷에 맞게 읽는 플러그인이라면, Formatter는 Output을 위한 포맷을 지정하는 플러그인이라고 보면 된다.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Buffer (Optional)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Input에서 들어온 데이타를 바로 Output으로 보내서 쓰는것이 아니라 중간에 선택적으로 Buffer를 둬서 Throttling을 할 수 있다. 버퍼는 File과 &amp;nbsp;Memory 두가지를 사용할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;간단하게 구조와 작동 원리를 보면 다음과 같다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 600px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2245843C575EBE5E31&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;458&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2245843C575EBE5E31&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;queue structure.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;그림. fluentd의 로그 writing 흐름&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;원본 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/buffer-plugin-overview&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/buffer-plugin-overview&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;버퍼에는 로그데이타를 분리하는 tag 단위로 chunk가 생성이 된다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;chunk는 태그별 큐라고 보면 된다. 예를 들어 error, info, warning, user 와 같이 태그를 분리하면 error 로그는 error chunk에 저장이 되고, info 로그는 info chunk에 저장된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Chunk에 데이타가 쌓여서 buffer_chunk_limit 만큼 chunk가 쌓여서 full이 되거나, 또는 설정값에 정의된 flush_interval 주기가 되면 로그 저장소로 로그를 쓰기 위해서 Queue에 전달이 된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2465203C575EBE5115&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;241&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2465203C575EBE5115&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;buffer config.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;그림. Memory buffer 설정 예제&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;참고 : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/buffer-plugin-overview&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/buffer-plugin-overview&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;다음 Queue에서는 데이타를 읽어서 로그 저장소에 데이타를 쓰는데, 로그 저장소에 문제가 없다면 바로 로그가 써지겠지만, 네트워크 에러나 로그 저장소 에러로 로그를 쓰지 못할때는 retry_wait 시간 만큼 대기를 한 후에, 다시 쓰기를 시도한다. 다시 쓰기를 실패하면 전에 기다린 시간의 2배 만큼, 또 실패하면 또 2배만큼을 기다린다. (1초, 2초, 4초,8초…) 다시 쓰기 시도는 설정값에 지정된 retry_limit 횟수까지 계속 진행한다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;만약에 Queue 가 차버렸을때 처리에 대한 정책을 설정할 수 있는데, “exception”과, “block” 모드 두가지고 있고, exception 모드일 경우에는 BufferQueueLimitError 를 내도록 하고, block 모드의 경우에는 BufferQueueLimitError가 해결될때 까지, input plugin을 중지 시킨다 (더이상 로그를 수집하지 않는다는 이야기). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Queue가 차버렸을때 다른 처리 방법으로는 큐가 다 찾을때, Sencondary output을 지정해서, 다른 로그 저장소에 로그를 저장하는 방법이 있다. 예를 들어 로그를 mongodb에 저장하도록 했는데, mongodb 나 네트워크 장애로 로그를 쓸 수 없는 경우에는 secondary output을 AWS S3로 지정해놓고, S3로 로그를 일단 저장하게 하고 나중에 mongodb가 복구된 후에, S3에서 다시 mongodb로 로그를 수집하는 방식을 취할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/255D9A3C575EBE6013&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/255D9A3C575EBE6013&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;secondary output 설정 방법.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;그림. Secondary output 설정 예제&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;출처 : http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/buffer-plugin-overview&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Buffer 플러그인과, 에러 처리에 대한 자세한 내용은 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/buffer-plugin-overview&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/buffer-plugin-overview&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; 를 참고하기 바란다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 20pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 26.66px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;데이타 구조&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;다음으로 Fluentd가 내부적으로 어떻게 로그 데이타를 핸들링 하는지 데이타 구조를 살펴보면 다음과 같다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 20pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 500px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/25757A3C575EBE5607&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;361&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/25757A3C575EBE5607&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;datastructure.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 20pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;출처 :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.slideshare.net/frsyuki/fluentd-set-up-once-collect-more&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://pt.slideshare.net/frsyuki/fluentd-set-up-once-collect-more&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;데이타는 크게 3가지 파트로 구성된다. Time, tag, record&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: disc; background-color: transparent;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Time : 로그데이타의 생성 시간&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: disc; background-color: transparent;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Record : 로그 데이타의 내용으로 JSON형태로 정의된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: disc; background-color: transparent;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Tag : 이게 가장 중요한데, 데이타의 분류이다. 각 로그 레코드는 tag를 통해서 로그의 종류가 정해지는데, 이 tag에 따라서 로그에 대한 필터링,라우팅과 같은 플러그인이 적용 된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 20pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 26.66px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;간단한 테스트&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;테스트 환경은 맥북을 기준으로 하였다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/install-by-dmg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://docs.fluentd.org/articles/install-by-dmg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; 를 따라서 테스트를 하면 되는데, 먼저 fluentd를 받아서 인스톨을 한다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;인스톨이 끝나면, fluentd 프로세스인 td-agent는 /opt/td-agent/usr/sbin/에 인스톨이 된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;그리고 디폴트 설정 파일은 /etc/td-agent/td-agent.conf에 저장된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;td-agent.conf의 내용을 보면 다음과 같다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-left: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: currentColor; border-image: none; width: 624px; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;&gt;&lt;colgroup&gt;&lt;col width=&quot;*&quot;&gt;&lt;/colgroup&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 7px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;ROOT&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;match td.*.*&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;type tdlog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;apikey xxxxxx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;auto_create_table &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;buffer_type file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;buffer_path /var/log/td-agent/buffer/td&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;secondary&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;type file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;path /var/log/td-agent/failed_records&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;buffer_path /var/log/td-agent/failed_records.*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/secondary&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/match&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;match debug.**&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;type stdout&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/match&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;source&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;type forward&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;source&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;type http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;port 8888&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;source&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;type debug_agent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;bind 127.0.0.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;port 24230&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/ROOT&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;source&amp;gt; 부분을 보면 type이 http, port가 8888인 정의가 있다. 이 정의는 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localhost:8888/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://localhost:8888&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; 로 부터 로그를 수집하겠다는 정의이다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;다음 &amp;lt;match&amp;gt;부분을 보면 &amp;lt;match debug.**&amp;gt; 라는 정의로 태그가 debug.** &amp;nbsp;로 정의된 로그에 대해서 type stdout으로, stdout (화면)으로 바로 출력하겠다는 정의이다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;즉 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localhost:8888/%7Bdebug.**&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://localhost:8888/{debug.**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;} 로 들어오는 요청에 대해서 stdout으로 로그를 출력하겠다는 설정이다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2170E43C575EBE6E0C&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;268&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2170E43C575EBE6E0C&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;스크린샷 2016-06-13 오후 10.53.24.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;설정 파일을 확인했으면, 이제 기동을 해보자&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;/opt/td-agent/usr/sbin 디렉토리에서 -c 옵션으로 설정 파일을 지정하고 td-agent를 다음과 같이 실행해보자&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;% ./td-agent -c /etc/td-agent/td-agent.conf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;에이전트가 실행되었으면 curl 명령을 이용하여 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://localhost:8888/debug.test&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 85, 204); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;http://localhost:8888/debug.test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; 로 {&quot;json&quot;:&quot;message&quot;} 로그 문자열을 전송해보자&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;% curl -X POST -d 'json={&quot;json&quot;:&quot;message&quot;}' http://localhost:8888/debug.test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;다음은 실행 결과 이다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 600px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/25567F3C575EBE6C21&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;573&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/25567F3C575EBE6C21&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;스크린샷 2016-06-13 오후 10.48.38.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;다음과 같이 td-agent가 기동된 후에, &amp;nbsp;맨 아랫줄에 debug.test 라는 태그 이름으로 {“json”:”message”}라는 로그가 수집되어 출력된것을 볼 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 16pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.66px; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;데몬으로 실행하기 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;앞에서는 CLI상에서 foreground로 실행을 하였는데, 맥에서 서비스로 백그라운드 작업으로 실행을 할 수 있다. 실행 방법은&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;%sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/td-agent.plist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;를 실행하면 백그라운드로 실행된다. 백그라운드로 실행을 위한 스크립트인 td-agent.plist는 fluentd설치시 &amp;nbsp;/Library/LaunchDaemons/td-agent.plist에 자동 생성된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;백그라운드 작업이기 때문에, stdout이 없고 stdout으로 출력되는 로그는 /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log로 확인할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;width: 500px; height: auto; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-lightbox=&quot;lightbox&quot; data-url=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2677673C575EBE6206&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; style=&quot;height: auto; cursor: pointer; max-width: 100%;&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2677673C575EBE6206&quot; filemime=&quot;image/png&quot; filename=&quot;td-agent log.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; clear: none; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: none;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;실행중인 프로세스를 종료 하는 방법은 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;%sudo launchctl &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;unload&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt; /Library/LaunchDaemons/td-agent.plist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;를 사용하면 된다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;다음 글에는 실제로 fluentd 를 설정해서 Google의 Bigquery또는 큐로 로그를 전달하는 설정 방법에 대해서 알아보겠다. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>빅데이터</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/25</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/25#entry25comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jun 2016 02:04:24 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>쉽게 풀어쓴 딥러닝(Deep Learning)의 거의 모든 것</title>
      <link>https://rnder.tistory.com/24</link>
      <description>&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot;&gt;쉽게 풀어쓴 딥러닝(Deep Learning)의 거의 모든 것 &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-header&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-header-line-1&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-body entry-content&quot; id=&quot;post-body-1712014210216489325&quot; itemprop=&quot;articleBody&quot;&gt;요즘 딥 러닝(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;Deep Learning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)이 핫합니다. 몇 년전부터 기계학습(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(234, 153, 153); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;Machine Learning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)이 일반인들에게 알려지기 시작하더니, 지금은 기계학습의 한 종류인 딥 러닝이 아예 기계학습이란 단어를 대체할 듯한 기세인 듯 합니다. 특히 구글이 딥 러닝 전문가 기업인 딥 마인드(Deep Mind)를 인수하고, 페이스북이 딥 러닝 대가인 뉴욕대학의 얀 러쿤(Yann LeCun) 교수를 인공지능 센터장으로 모셔갔으며, 중국의 구글이라 불리는 바이두에서도 기계학습 분야의 스타 학자 스탠포드 대학의 앤드류 응(Andrew Ng) 교수를 모셔가는 등, 지금은 바야흐로 딥러닝 인재전쟁에 가까운 모습입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_3ngZqJ9k9U/VUO0V2i4-EI/AAAAAAAAcZk/K72AWaN_7mI/s1600/1387248046219.cached.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_3ngZqJ9k9U/VUO0V2i4-EI/AAAAAAAAcZk/K72AWaN_7mI/s1600/1387248046219.cached.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;페이스북 인공지능 연구소 수장, 얀 러쿤(Yann LeCun) 교수 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/17/facebook-s-robot-philosopher-king.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;사진출처&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;그렇다면 딥 러닝이란 과연 무엇일까요? 오늘은 딥 러닝의 전반적인 개념에 대해 거칠게 한번 훑어보도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;(업데이트) 이 글의 후속편인&lt;a href=&quot;http://t-robotics.blogspot.ca/2016/05/convolutional-neural-network_31.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; Convolutional Neural Network에 대한 이해&lt;/a&gt;가 업데이트 되었습니다. 이 글을 읽으신 후 꼭 한번 읽어보세요!&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;more&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-48AH_gUV0Zc/VUO2Bryv2-I/AAAAAAAAcZw/2bZx9H--PIg/s1600/20150501_131850.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;386&quot; src=&quot;https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-48AH_gUV0Zc/VUO2Bryv2-I/AAAAAAAAcZw/2bZx9H--PIg/s1600/20150501_131850.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;출처 : Terry's Facebook, &lt;a href=&quot;https://goo.gl/Yo3Tvi&quot;&gt;https://goo.gl/Yo3Tvi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;딥 러닝은 사실 새로운 개념이 아닙니다. 오래전부터 있어오던 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(106, 168, 79); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;인공신경망&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;(Artificial Neural Network, ANN)과 크게 다를 바 없죠. '인공신경망'이라고 하면 단어에서 나오는 뽀대(?) 때문인지 막 복잡한 뇌 구조가 생각하면서 꿈 같은 이야기가 펼쳐질 것 같은 느낌 드는데요, 사실 인공신경망은 그렇게 판타스틱한 개념은 아닙니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;그저 선형 맞춤 (&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(69, 129, 142); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;linear fitting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)과 비선형 변환 (&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(69, 129, 142); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;nonlinear transformation &lt;/b&gt;or&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(69, 129, 142); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt; activation&lt;/b&gt;)을 반복해 쌓아올린 구조에 불과하죠. 다시 말해, 인공신경망은 데이터를 잘 구분할 수 있는&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(61, 133, 198); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt; 선들을 긋고&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 이 공간들을 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(61, 133, 198); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;잘 왜곡해 합하는 것&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;을 반복하는 구조라고 할 수 있습니다. 선 긋고, 구기고, 합하고, 선 긋고, 구기고, 합하고, 선 긋고, 구기고, 합하고...(먹고 뜯고 맛보고 즐기고...-_-..)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ih2IEYFVMBI/VV9qDuYfdsI/AAAAAAAAdZg/fNfo9P6Gmsk/s1600/20150522_133023.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;185&quot; src=&quot;https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ih2IEYFVMBI/VV9qDuYfdsI/AAAAAAAAdZg/fNfo9P6Gmsk/s400/20150522_133023.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;파란선과 빨간선의 영역을 구분한다고 생각해보자. 그냥 구분 선을 긋는다면 아마 왼쪽처럼 불완전하게 그을 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 공간을 왜곡하면 오른쪽 같이 아름답게 구분선을 그릴 수 있다. 이처럼 인공신경망은 선 긋고, 구기고, 합하고를 반복하여 데이터를 처리한다. (사진출처:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://colah.github.io/posts/2014-03-NN-Manifolds-Topology/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;colah's blog&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;예를 들어 컴퓨터가 사진 속에서 고양이를 검출해내야 한다고 생각해보죠. '고양이'라는 추상적 이미지는 아마 선, 면, 형상, 색깔, 크기 등 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;다양한 요소들이 조합&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;된 결과물일 것입니다. 이것은 아마 '선 30cm 이상은 고양이, 이하는 고양이 아님', 또는 '갈색은 고양이, 빨간색은 고양이 아님' 처럼 간단한 선형 구분으로는 식별해 낼 수 없는 문제겠죠. 딥러닝은 이 과제를 선 긋고 왜곡하고 합하고를 반복하며 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(142, 124, 195); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;복잡한 공간 속에서의 최적의 구분선&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;을 만들어 내는 목적을 가지고 있습니다.&lt;sup&gt;(1)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그럼 어떠한 규칙으로 선을 긋고 공간을 왜곡하냐고요? 바로&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(69, 129, 142); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt; 데이터&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;에 근거하는 거죠. 일단 대충 선을 긋고 그것들을 살살살살 움직여가며 구분 결과가 더 좋게 나오도록 선을 움직이는 겁니다. 이러한 과정을&amp;nbsp;최적화(&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;optimization&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)이라고 하는데요, 딥러닝은 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(106, 168, 79); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;아주 많은 데이터&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;와 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(106, 168, 79); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;아주 오랜 시간의 최적화&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;를 통해 데이터를 학습합니다. 양에는 장사 없다고나 할까요?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PLqTUecg8Yc/VUO357snVjI/AAAAAAAAcZ8/bo2AO8DdRTI/s1600/20150501_132837.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;245&quot; src=&quot;https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PLqTUecg8Yc/VUO357snVjI/AAAAAAAAcZ8/bo2AO8DdRTI/s1600/20150501_132837.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;여러 개의 뉴런(선형 맞춤&amp;nbsp;+ 비선형 변환)이 합쳐지면 복잡한 형상의 함수도 추정할 수 있다. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vincentp/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;사진출처&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;사실 인공신경망은 1940년대에 이미 개발된 방법이었고, 1980년대에 역전파(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(69, 129, 142); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;back propagation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;) 방법이라는 최적화 방법이 소개되며 인공신경망 연구가 절정기애 이른 바 있습니다. 이후 인공신경망은 영상처리, 인공지능, 제어 등 다양한 분야에 적용 되었는데요, 90년대에 이르러 그 연구가 포화 상태에 이르고, 이내 한계가 보이기 시작하더니 곧 암흑기를 만나게 됩니다. 심지어 2000년대 초반 논문 심사에서는 '인공신경망'이란 단어만 나오면 '뭐야, 이거 옛날거자나?'라며 리젝을 하기도 했었으니까요. 그렇게 인공신경망은 사라져 갔고, 2000년 대에는 비선형 함수를 이용한 다양한 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(103, 78, 167);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;커널&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;방법(e.g. Support Vector Machine, Gaussian Process)들이 기계학습의 대세를 이루게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UI690Vtklb8/VV9x8sWLtkI/AAAAAAAAdZw/UpNV0XlRYFc/s1600/20150522_141402.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UI690Vtklb8/VV9x8sWLtkI/AAAAAAAAdZw/UpNV0XlRYFc/s400/20150522_141402.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;딥 러닝의 일등 공신, 토론토 대학의 힌톤 교수 (사진출처: &lt;a href=&quot;http://boundless.utoronto.ca/story/geoffrey-hinton/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;토론토대학&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;모두가 인공신경망을 외면하던 암흑기 시절, 그래도 꿋꿋하게 인공신경망 외길을 걸어오던 학자가 있었으니 바로 그가 딥러닝의 일등 공신, 토론토 대학의 제프리 힌톤(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(224, 102, 102); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;Geoffrey Hinton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;) 교수입니다. 인공신경망이 외면받는 여러 한계들 중 대표적인 문제는 바로 최적화가 쉽지 않다는 점이었습니다. 생각해보세요. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(142, 124, 195); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;수 만&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;개의 뉴론들이 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(142, 124, 195); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;수 백만&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;개의 선들에 의해 연결되어 있고 여러분들은 이 선들에 적당한 값들을 할당해야 합니다. (일명 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(142, 124, 195); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;parameter training&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;이죠.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이걸 최적화 알고리즘을 통해 해줘야 하는데, 최적화 알고리즘이 만약 진짜 최적값이 아닌 잘못된 최적값에 도달하면 어쩌죠? 예를 들어 최고 높은 산봉오리에 올라가야 하는게 목적이라고 하면, 앞만 보고 막 달려서 산 봉우리에 올랐더니 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(61, 133, 198); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;'엥? 이 산이 아닌게벼...?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'라고 하면 어쩌냔 말입니다. 인공신경망은 그 구조가 워낙 복잡했기에 이런 문제가 발생했을 때 그야 말로 속수무책이었죠. (그래서 제 예전 지도교수님은 인공신경망을 'black magic'이라고도 하셨으니까요ㅎㅎ)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;하지만 힌톤 교수는 이러한 함정(local minima)들을 데이터의 전처리과정(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(69, 129, 142); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;pre-training&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)을 통해 크게 해결할 수 있음을 밝혔습니다. 이 연구가 바로 &quot;A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets&quot;라는 2006년의 논문인데요, 힌톤 교수는 이 논문을 통해 인공신경망의 각 층들을 먼저 비지도학습 방법(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;unsupervised learning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)을 통해 잘 손질해주고, 그렇게 전처리한 데이터를 여러 층 쌓아올려 인공신경망 최적화를 수행하면 '이 산이 아닌게벼?' 없이 훌륭한 결과를 만들어 낼 수 있다는 것을 보였습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WVhallwfgrM/VV913F8ZSvI/AAAAAAAAdZ8/o9GN0dYc_g8/s1600/20150522_143044.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;383&quot; src=&quot;https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WVhallwfgrM/VV913F8ZSvI/AAAAAAAAdZ8/o9GN0dYc_g8/s400/20150522_143044.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;출처 : Terry's Facebook,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot; href=&quot;https://goo.gl/Yo3Tvi&quot;&gt;https://goo.gl/Yo3Tvi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 논문을 기점으로 인공신경망 연구는 새 전기가 열리게 됩니다. 특히 인공신경망은 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(166, 77, 121); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;빅데이터&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;와 찰떡궁합이었죠. 2006년 이전의 많은 연구들이 데이터에 대한 구체적 형상 파악에 그 노력을 쏟았었다면, 이젠 그냥 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;어마어마한 구조의 인공신경망&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;에 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;엄청난 데이터&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;를 막 때려 넣는겁니다. 그리고선 2006년 이후 개발된 세련된 최적화 기법을 써서 몇날 며칠을 학습하면 '짜잔~'하고 최고의 결과를 내놓는다는 거죠. 딥러닝 기법은 이 후 각종 머신러닝 대회의 우승을 휩쓸며 (그것도 압도적인 성능으로...) 자신이 유아독존의 기법임을 과시했고, 현재는 다른 기계학습 방법을 통해 영상처리, 음성인식 등을 연구하셨던 분들 역시 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(69, 129, 142); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;딥러닝으로 대동단결&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;하는 양상을 보이고 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y-CzBQjSSNw/VV-Pwl3c-_I/AAAAAAAAdak/hkZX5KhyYLw/s1600/20150522_162109.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;283&quot; src=&quot;https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y-CzBQjSSNw/VV-Pwl3c-_I/AAAAAAAAdak/hkZX5KhyYLw/s400/20150522_162109.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;기계학습 관련 기업들. 이 중 Facebook, Google, Baidu 등은 모두 딥러닝에 사활을 걸고 있다. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shivonzilis.com/machineintelligence&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;사진출처&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇다면 그토록 오랜 암흑기였던 인공신경망을 성공적인 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(224, 102, 102); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;딥러닝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;으로 환골탈태하게 한 요인은 뭘까요? 그 요인에는 크게 다음과 같은 네 가지를 꼽을 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(11, 83, 148); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;1. Unsupervised Learning을 이용한 Pre-training&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;앞서 힌톤 교수가 2006년에 제안했던 것이 바로 이 방법입니다. Unsupervised learning이라고 하면 (대충 말해서) '이건 사과', '이건 고양이', '이건 사람' 이런 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(106, 168, 79); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;가르침&quot; 없이&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 그냥 사과, 고양이, 사람을 다 던져놓고 구분하라고 시키는 학습 방법인데요, 그렇게되면 아무래도 컴퓨터는 비슷한 것끼리 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(166, 77, 121); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;군집&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;(cluster)을 찾게 되겠죠. 알고리즘은 군집화하는 과정 속에서 특이한 놈들은 과감하게 개무시(;;), 결과적으로 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(194, 123, 160); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;노이즈 감소&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;의 효과를 얻게 됩니다. 이렇게 unsupervised learning 방법으로 데이터를 고르게 잘 손질할 수 있고, 이것을 깊은 인공신경망(=딥러닝망)에 넣으면 앞서 제기한 함정들에 훨씬 적게 빠진다는 것입니다. 이것이 바로 딥러닝의 최초 진일보였죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(11, 83, 148); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;2. Convolutional Neural Network의 진화&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 기계학습은 data→knowledge 로 바로 학습을 진행할 수도 있지만 보통 중간 단계인 특징 추출(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;feature extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)을 거쳐 data→feature→knowledge 의 단계로 학습하는 것이 보통입니다. 예를 들어 사진 속에서 사물을 인식하기 위해 픽셀 값에서 먼저 특징적인 선이나 특징적인 색 분포 등을 먼저 추출한 후 이를 기반으로 '이건 사과다' '이건 바나나다'라는 판단을 내리는 것이죠. 이러한 중간 표현단계를 특징 지도 (feature map)이라고 하는데요, 기계학습의 성능은 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(224, 102, 102); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;얼만큼 좋은 특징들을 뽑아내느냐&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;에 따라 그 성능이 매우 크게 좌지우지 됩니다. (이는 이미지 처리 뿐만 아니라 음성 인식, 자연어 분석 등 대부분의 기계학습에 적용되는 이야기입니다.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-V5WjS0u2IsM/VV-IkDjID5I/AAAAAAAAdaU/FQDW0sNhBME/s1600/20150522_155034.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-V5WjS0u2IsM/VV-IkDjID5I/AAAAAAAAdaU/FQDW0sNhBME/s400/20150522_155034.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;원본 이미지(우측)와 convolutional network에 의해 추출된 특징 지도(좌측) (출처:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.2901v3.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;M. Zeiler&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;딥러닝의 성공 요인 중 하나를 꼽자면, 예전엔 사람의 예측에 의해 뽑히던 이 특징들을 지금은 이 마저도 기계학습을 이용해 뽑는다는 것입니다. 다시 말해, 예전엔 '선들을 추출해서 학습시키면 사물인식이 잘 될거야'와 같이 사람이 먼저 이 선들을 추출하는 알고리즘을 만들어 주었는데, 이제는 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(103, 78, 167); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;특징 추출과 학습&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;모두가 딥러닝 알고리즘 안에 포함되었다는 것이죠. 다단계로 특징을 추출해 학습하는 Convolutional Neural Network은 현재 딥러닝의 대세로서 특히 이미지 인식에서 큰 발전을 이룩하고 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(11, 83, 148); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;3. 시계열 데이터를 위한 Recurrent Neural Network&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;딥러닝 알고리즘을 크게 세 분류로 나누자 대략적으로 다음과 같이 나눌 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;- Unsupervised Learning을 기반으로 한 방법&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; (e.g., Deep Belief Network, Deep Auto-encoder)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;- Convolutional Neural Network의 다양한 변형들&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;- 시계열 데이터를 위한 Recurrent Neural Network와 게이트 유닛들&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; (e.g. Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM))&lt;/blockquote&gt;시계열 데이터(Time-series data)란 시간의 흐름에 따라 변하는 데이터를 말하는데요, 예를 들면 주가도 시간에 따라 변하고, 사람의 움직임도 시간에 따라 변하고, 비디오도 시간에 따라 변하고... 이러한 시계열 데이터에서 탁월한 성능을 보여주는 딥러닝 방법이 바로 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(230, 145, 56); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(246, 178, 107); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;입니다. RNN은 매 순간마다의 인공신경망 구조를 쌓아올렸다고 생각하시면 되는데요, 예를 들면 100초면 100개의 인공신경망을 쌓아올린거죠. (그래서 딥러닝 중에 가장 깊은 구조라고도 불립니다.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;예전의 RNN은 인공신경망이 너무 깊어서 오랜 시간 전의 데이터들을 까먹는 현상(vanishing gradient problem) 때문에 학습이 힘들었는데요, Jurgen Schmidhuber 교수의 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(106, 168, 79); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;Long-Short term Memory (LSTM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 이란 게이트 유닛을 각 노드마다 배치하여 이러한 문제를 극복, 현재는 Convolutional Network의 가장 강력한 경쟁 상대로 자리매김하고 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--vQ3kpjFVeU/VV-SIfAnxDI/AAAAAAAAdaw/SWl1uJXKRPs/s1600/20150522_163103.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; src=&quot;https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--vQ3kpjFVeU/VV-SIfAnxDI/AAAAAAAAdaw/SWl1uJXKRPs/s400/20150522_163103.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;매 순간의 인공신경망을 쌓아 올린 Recurrent Neural Network (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vincentp/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;사진출처&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(11, 83, 148); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;4. GPU 병렬 컴퓨팅의 등장과 학습 방법의 진보&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 사실 예전엔 '많은 데이터로 가지고 이렇게 저렇게 하면 아마 잘 될거야...'라는 생각들은 가지고 있더라도 그것을 구현하는 것이 쉽지 않았습니다. 잘 될지 안될지도 모르는데 수십 대의 컴퓨터를 몇 달간 돌리고 있을 수는 없는 노릇이니까요. 하지만 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(142, 124, 195); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;GPGPU &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;(General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units)이란 개념이 개발되며 저렴한 가격으로 CPU와 병렬처리를 할 수 있는 GPU 제품들이 출시되었고, 이를 효율적으로 이용하는 언어구조(e.g. CuDA)들이 개발되며 딥러닝은 그 컴퓨팅 시간이 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(224, 102, 102); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;수십분의 일&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;로 줄어 들었습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;연구에 사용할 수 있는 데이터 풀도 많아져 예전엔 기껏해야 몇 만개의 손 글씨 데이터(e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;MNIST&lt;/a&gt;)가 전부이던 것이 지금은 천 만장의 고해상도의 사진들(e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.image-net.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;ImageNet&lt;/a&gt;)은 물론, 필요하다면 구글이나 유튜브에서 자료를 끌어올 수도 있었으니 말이죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 인공신경망 알고리즘적인 문제로는 비선형 변환에 쓰이는 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/absps/reluICML.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)&lt;/a&gt;의 개발과&amp;nbsp;거대 망을 선택적으로 학습하는 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rsalakhu/papers/srivastava14a.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Drop-out&lt;/a&gt;의 발견이 딥러닝의 성능을 크게 향상 시켰답니다. 이러한 잔기술(?)에 대해서도 할 얘기가 많지만 깊은 얘기는 언젠가 또 해드리도록 하죠. ('언젠가 밥 한번 먹자'와 비슷 한 얘기입니다..;;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LBP7wIa9AR8/VV-W_0iUNPI/AAAAAAAAdbA/ej9CwaZ7_kc/s1600/20150522_165156.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;245&quot; src=&quot;https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LBP7wIa9AR8/VV-W_0iUNPI/AAAAAAAAdbA/ej9CwaZ7_kc/s400/20150522_165156.png&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;구글은 2012년 1000대의 컴퓨터로 1000만 개의 유튜브 이미지를 딥러닝으로 분석해 사람과 고양이를 구분해 냈다. 내게도 컴퓨터 지원 좀 해달라... (출처 : &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/ko//archive/unsupervised_icml2012.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Q. Le&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;지금까지 딥러닝에 대해 알아봤습니다. 요약하자면 딥러닝은 사실 오래 전부터 있어오던 인공신경망과 크게 다를 바 없지만 알고리즘적인 발전과 하드웨어의 발전, 그리고 빅데이터의 힘에 의해 현재 최고 성능을 가진 기계학습 방법으로 평가받고 있으며, 미래 인공지능의 희망으로 떠오르고 있다는 이야기였습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇다면 딥러닝 말고 다른 기계학습 방법들은 모두 사라져야 하는 걸까요? 물론 그것은 아닙니다. 일단 딥러닝은 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(106, 168, 79); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;많은 양의 데이터&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;와 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(106, 168, 79); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;많은 컴퓨팅 자원&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;을 필요로 합니다. (저도 이번에 80만원짜리 GPU를 구매...ㅠ) 따라서 핸드폰이나 웨어러블과 같은 포터블 기기는 이러한 컴퓨팅이 불가능할테니 딥러닝을 적용하기 쉽지 않겠죠. 또한 로봇과 같이 실시간성(&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(224, 102, 102); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;real-time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)이 보장되어야 하는 분야 역시 다른 기계학습 방법을 취하는게 좋을 수도 있을 것입니다. (이건 마치 컴퓨터엔 윈도우, 핸드폰엔 안드로이드와 같은 맥락이라 할 수 있죠.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;하지만 그렇다고 딥러닝이 이들 분야와 무관하냐하면 꼭 그렇지만은 않습니다. 여러분이 컴퓨터가 좋아서 구글 검색 결과가 좋나요? 다 구글 서버에서 알아서 처리해주니 그런거지요. 딥러닝도 마찬가지로 만약 디바이스가 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(61, 133, 198); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;사물인터넷&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;을 이용해 머리 좋은 서버와 잘 교신한다면 포터블 디바이스 역시 딥러닝의 은총을 받을 수 있을 것이라 생각합니다. 특히 구글이 로봇의 미래라 생각하는 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(194, 123, 160); font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;클라우드 로보틱스&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;를 구현한다면 여러 로봇이 집단 지성을 발휘하며 문제를 해결해 나가는 것을 미래에 볼 수도 있겠지요. (참고: &lt;a href=&quot;http://t-robotics.blogspot.kr/2014/12/blog-post.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&quot;구글의 새 로봇 수장, 제임스 커프너는 누구인가&quot;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;딥러닝, 인공지능의 가장 희망적인 미래임은 분명합니다. 이 분야와 관계 없으시더라도 여러분도 아마 공부 좀 하셔야 할걸요? ^^ 앞서 말씀드렸듯 이 글의 후속편인&lt;a href=&quot;http://t-robotics.blogspot.ca/2016/05/convolutional-neural-network_31.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Convolutional Neural Network에 대한 이해&lt;/a&gt;도 꼭 한번 읽어보세요!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;(1) 쉽게 말씀드리려고 제가 딥러닝과 classification 문제를 섞어서 말씀드린 건데요, 사실 딥러닝은 real-value를 다루는 regression문제에도 적용될 수 있습니다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 14px; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size:8pt; background-color: rgb(254, 253, 250);&quot;&gt;* T-Robotics의 글은 facebook과 rss reader로도 받아보실 수 있습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; clear: both; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(254, 253, 250);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[facebook]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(125, 24, 30);&quot; href=&quot;http://facebook.com/trobotics&quot;&gt;http://facebook.com/trobotics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; clear: both; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(254, 253, 250);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:8pt;&quot;&gt;[rss]&amp;nbsp;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(125, 24, 30); line-height: 14px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot; href=&quot;http://t-robotics.blogspot.kr/feeds/posts/default&quot;&gt;http://t-robotics.blogspot.kr/feeds/posts/default&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝/딥러닝</category>
      <author>인디고2</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rnder.tistory.com/24</guid>
      <comments>https://rnder.tistory.com/24#entry24comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 1 Jun 2016 14:29:39 +0900</pubDate>
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